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Respiratory Diseases
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
If a peak flow meter is available, the patient can learn how to use it and record readings morning and night over a week to investigate the diurnal rhythm. This is in order to identify the minority of patients who demonstrate a degree of reversibility and therefore may benefit from inhaled corticosteroids.
Effects of Environmental Factors on the Endocrine System
Published in George H. Gass, Harold M. Kaplan, Handbook of Endocrinology, 2020
Diurnal rhythm is a biorhythm of biological activity with observable differences during the day between sunrise and sunset or during the illuminated portion of an artificial lightdark cycle. Nocturnal rhythm is a biorhythm of biological activity with observable differences during the night between sunset and sunrise or during the dark portion of an artificial lightdark cycle.
Summary and Development of a New Approach to Senescence
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, The Thymus in Health and Senescence, 2019
Removal of the pineal gland alters circadian and other rhythms. The bird pineal serves as a pacemaker, whereas the mammalian gland seems to function chiefly as a transducer. The well-known melatonin diurnal rhythm is controlled by the pineal, with that gland and possibly the retina as the major, and possibly only, source of synthesis. Photoperiod variation leads to changes in the melatonin secretion cycle.
The melatonin receptor 1B gene links circadian rhythms and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an evolutionary story
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Hui Zhu, Zhi-jia Zhao, Hong-yi Liu, Jie Cai, Qin-kang Lu, Lin-dan Ji, Jin Xu
The circadian rhythm plays an important role in glucose metabolism by sustaining daily fluctuations in physiological, hormonal, and behavioral processes [3,81]. Especially, the central circadian clock in the SCN is a pacemaker which aligns our daily sleep-wake, activity-rest as well as feeding-fasting cycles and synchronizes the metabolic activity of peripheral clocks [82–85]. Therefore, the central and peripheral circadian clocks jointly regulate endogenous diurnal rhythm in glucose metabolism (Figure 2). The sleep-wake cycle is the main manifestation of the endogenous circadian clock and is also the metabolic master switch [81]. A normal sleep-wake pattern aligned with the circadian rhythm supports normal metabolism; for example, energy expenditure during sleep is just two-thirds of that during wakefulness [81,86]. Moreover, the rhythm of the sleep-wake cycle corresponds to the fasting and feeding rhythm and thereby influences glucose metabolism synergistically [81]. The glucose tolerance in response to the same meal is relatively impaired in the evening/night compared with the morning in healthy individuals [4]. Thus, glucose metabolism oscillates with the circadian rhythm such that decreased glucose tolerance and a lower response of β-cells occur at night. The progressive impairment of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity due to long-term shift work or circadian misalignment might be due to the joint action of a destroyed endogenous rhythm and altered feeding pattern [87].
Experience of Treatment and Adherence to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia for Patients with Depression: An Interview Study
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2021
Henny Dyrberg, Anette Juel, Mette Kragh
This resulted in more energy and improved diurnal rhythm. Some even reported not feeling depressed anymore. Some participants experienced positive side effects, such as being able to take part in social life in the evening. They found strategies to avoid sleeping in by using exercise or making appointments for the morning. However, participants also reported negative side effects of sleep restriction. Initially, participants experienced fatigue, cognitive problems, and problems with functioning in their daily lives. I was so tired during the day … I felt like a zombie … It was insanely hard … and still you have to function in your daily life … the hardest part was waiting till midnight before I could go to bed … it felt like pure survival. (Participant 8, female, age 22)
Married but lonely. Impact of poor marital quality on diurnal cortisol patterns in older people: findings from the cross-sectional KORA-Age study
Published in Stress, 2021
Hamimatunnisa Johar, Seryan Atasoy, Martin Bidlingmaier, Peter Henningsen, Karl-Heinz Ladwig
In the present study, the sex-specific findings showed that the detrimental effect of loneliness was most profound in married men and was not substantially affected by adjustment for lifestyle and psychosocial factors. These sex-specific results are supported by findings from Doane and Adam whereby younger male had a lower CAR and flatter DCS than their female counterparts (Doane & Adam, 2010). Furthermore, blunted cortisol secretion patterns leading to a flatter diurnal rhythm has been implicated in various psychological conditions (Adam et al., 2017; Pan et al., 2018), immune and inflammatory disorders (Heim et al., 2000). However, two small-sized studies provided contradicting evidence for gender differences, showing that the impact of low marital quality and DCS was stronger for women compared to men (Borys & Perlman, 1985; Fehm-Wolfsdorf et al., 1999). Apparently, women are more prone to acknowledge their loneliness, but they do not necessarily suffer severely from loneliness (Borys & Perlman, 1985), whereas men tend to experience loneliness with more robust consequences on HPA axis dynamics as well as stronger associations to adverse psychological conditions than female counterparts (Zebhauser et al., 2014). Therefore, our results support the idea that men in old age experience higher levels of social loneliness (Dykstra & Fokkema, 2007).