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Sleep–Wake Disorders
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Margaret Kay-Stacey, Eunice Torres-Rivera, Phyllis C. Zee
ICSD-3 categorizes NREM parasomnias into two categories as follows: Disorders of arousal (DOA): Confusional arousals: Sleep-related abnormal sexual behaviors (subtype).Sleep walking (somnambulism).Sleep terrors.
Specific causes of automatism
Published in John Rumbold, Automatism as a Defence in Criminal Law, 2018
Sleep terrors (also called night terrors) are characterized by the sufferer sitting up in bed, and emitting a blood-curdling scream. Episodes can also occur during daytime naps, so “sleep terrors” is the preferred term to “night terrors”. They occur most commonly between the ages of five and seven, affecting up to 6 per cent of children. They affect less than 1 per cent of adults, and then are much more likely to be associated with psychopathology. A sleep terror can then result in a confusional arousal. Sleep terrors can result in directed and purposeful violence relating to the content of the night terror. The cases of Fraser and Thomas were probably sleep terror-related.
Classification of sleep disorders
Published in S.R. Pandi-Perumal, Meera Narasimhan, Milton Kramer, Sleep and Psychosomatic Medicine, 2017
The NREM-related parasomnias comprise general diagnostic criteria for the group heading of disorders of arousal (DA; from NREM sleep). Specific general diagnostic criteria are given for each DA and the detailed text applies to all of the DAs, as no text is presented for each of the specific DAs, except for diagnostic criteria. Confusional arousals are characterized by mental confusion or confused behavior that occurs while the patient is in bed. Sleep-related abnormal sexual behaviors is listed as a subtype to be classified under confusional arousals. Sleepwalking consists of arousals associated with ambulation and other complex behaviors out of bed. Sleep terrors are episodes of abrupt terror, typically beginning with alarming vocalizations, such as a frightening scream. The final NREMrelated parasomnia is sleep-related eating disorder (SRED), which requires an arousal from the main sleep period to distinguish it from night eating syndrome disorder, which consists of excessive eating between dinner and bedtime, and SRED requires an adverse health consequence from the disorder.9
Evaluation of the effects of shift work on parasomnia prevalence
Published in Chronobiology International, 2021
Duygu Kurt Gök, İlker Ünal, Kezban Aslan-Kara
Parasomnias such as sleep terrors, confusional arousals, and sleeptalking were more common among shift workers. These three parasomnias were reported at especially high rates in the rotating shift group, which has been associated with the fact that rotating shifts disrupt circadian rhythm adaptation more than fixed night shift. We also noted that the rotating shift workers in our study had rapidly rotating shift cycles and their shifts were usually not rotated clockwise as is recommended. Menezes et al. questioned 179 offshore workers about 2 parasomnias, sleepwalking and nightmare disorder, but found no significant increase in parasomnia frequency in the shift group (Menezes et al. 2004). However, Ohayon et al. showed that shift work was an independent risk factor for confusional arousals and this finding was supported by another multicenter study (Ohayon et al. 1999, 2000). In 2015, Bjorvatn et al. found that confusional arousal and nightmare disorder were more common among shift nurses than those working a fixed daytime shift (Bjorvatn et al. 2015). Confusional arousal, which is classified as an arousal disorder, is reported in these cited studies as the most common parasomnia in shift groups, which is consistent with our findings.
Sexual Behaviors and Sexual Health of Sexsomnia Individuals Aged 18–58
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2021
Sinem Cankardas, Carlos H. Schenck
In this study, about one-third of SBS individuals reported sleep disorders/symptoms such as snoring, sleepwalking, etc., as expected. In Martynowicz et al. (2018) review study, they examined thirteen studies and found that the most common sleep disorders that co-occur with SBS are obstructive sleep apnea and sleepwalking. The previous studies reported that stress, fatigue, and body contact with a bed partner, and alcohol or drug use were the most frequent precipitating factors associated with SBS episodes (Mangan, 2004; Schenck et al., 2007; Shapiro et al., 2003). In this study, consistent with the literature, both men and women reported contact with the bed partner as the most frequent trigger. Also, 14 of 42 (33.3%) SBS respondents reported that their partner also had SBS, which is a surprisingly high rate that merits some comments. First, the rate of sexsomnia in the general population is not known. Second, it is quite likely that a substantial number of the partners reported to have SBS were in fact responding (while awake or asleep) to the sexual overtures of the partner with the sexsomnia. Third, confusional arousals (partial awakenings) are far more common than previously appreciated, as discovered by two large epidemiologic studies (Ohayon et al., 1999, 2000). In addition, being touched in bed while asleep is a known trigger for confusional arousals and other parasomnia behaviors (Pressman, 2007).
Update on nonpharmacological interventions in parasomnias
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2020
Maria Ntafouli, Andrea Galbiati, Mary Gazea, Claudio L.A. Bassetti, Panagiotis Bargiotas
Confusional arousals (CA) are characterized by mental or behavioral confusion and unresponsiveness to the environment associated with arousals during SWS, especially during the first third up to the first half of the sleep period [31]. Typically, CA are brief events that, apart from confusion, may include disorientation, sleeptalking, and simple motor behaviors. CA is often associated with SW and ST and other parasomnias (i.e. sleep-related sexual behaviors).