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Determination
Published in David Woolley, Adam Woolley, Practical Toxicology, 2017
There is evidence that morphological change, resulting from pollution, may be counteracted by natural selective forces. Thus, populations of the peppered moth, Biston betularia, responded to carbon deposits on trees by increased proportions of a darker variant, the incidence of which has declined with declining carbon-based pollution. Similarly, there has been evidence that the development of male sex organs in female dog whelks (imposex, which hinders reproduction) is being circumvented through selective pressures. These population responses are apparently based on existing genetic diversity in the normal population, and it seems unlikely that this type of adaptive response to morphological change would be readily duplicated in the case of biochemical effects on basic molecular function.
Endocrine Disruptors and Male Infertility
Published in Rajesh K. Naz, Endocrine Disruptors, 2004
Suresh C. Sikka, Muammer Kendirci, Rajesh Naz
With few exceptions (e.g., DES), a causal relationship between exposure to a specific environmental agent and an adverse effect on human health operating via an endocrine disruption mechanism has not been established. Short-term screening studies could be developed and validated in an effort to elucidate mechanism. Through controlled dose-response studies, it appears that these compounds (e.g., alkyl phenol ethylates and their degradation products, chlorinated dibenzodioxins and difurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls), can induce irreversible induction of male sex characteristics on females (imposex), which can lead to sterility and reduced reproductive performance.
Environmental biomonitoring by snails
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Methonayl Lannate exposure for 48 h at a concentration of 25–500 mg/L causes a significant decrease in AChE activity of Eobania vermiculata. The alteration in total protein metabolism accelerated mortality rate, and structural harm to the metabolic components, was observed due to its exposure. It was observed that the exposure of Tributyltin (TBT) and Triphenyltin (TPT) to Eobania vermiculata for 48 h at concentration 2.0 mg/L induces the imposex and development of the penis in certain female snails. Chlorpyrifos exposure (0.025 mg/L, 7 days) affects the enzymatic activities of Helisoma duryi. Its exposure increases the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and NADPH-Quinone-oxidoreductase. Lymnaea stagnalis on exposure to Malathion, the concentration of 0.000001 mg/L, exposed to 5 weeks, decreases the haemocyte count, and low egg-laying.
Review: ecotoxicity of organic and organo-metallic antifouling co-biocides and implications for environmental hazard and risk assessments in aquatic ecosystems
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Samantha Eslava Martins, Gilberto Fillmann, Adam Lillicrap, Kevin V. Thomas
A major milestone in antifouling technology was the discovery of the high efficacy of tributyltin (TBT), used in combination with copper-based algicides in paint formulations (Yebra et al. 2004). Organotin-based paints were introduced as marine antifoulants in the early 1960s and at the time were believed to be the solution to preventing biofouling. However, severe impacts on the marine environment occurred following the introduction of TBT. The ecological effects of TBT on growth, development, survival and reproduction have been reported in a wide range of species from bacteria to mammals (Antizar-Ladislao 2008; Dafforn et al. 2011). A well-documented example of this was the imposex-driven decline of the marine gastropod Nucella lapillus in coastal areas of south-west England (Gibbs and Bryan 1996). These adverse ecological effects led authorities to gradually restrict and then ban the use of TBT as an antifouling biocide. In 2008 there was a global prohibition of TBT as an active ingredient in antifouling paints (IMO 2000; Dafforn et al. 2011).