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Surgical treatment of disorders of sexual development
Published in Mark Davenport, James D. Geiger, Nigel J. Hall, Steven S. Rothenberg, Operative Pediatric Surgery, 2020
Rafael V. Pieretti, Patricia K. Donahoe
True hermaphrodites have well-developed, non-dysgenetic male and female gonadal tissue in many combinations, i.e. a testis on one side and an ovary on the other, two ovotestes, or a normal gonad on one side and an ovotestis on the other. Although over 80% of these patients have a 46,XX karyotype, testicular tissue is present. The patient with a small phallus should be raised as a female. However, the final decision should be made following adequate discussion with the parents or guardians about various options and choices of how their child can be reared. The patient with a large phallus already committed as a male should be raised as a male. Gonads should be bivalved and biopsied longitudinally. The gonadal tissue commensurate with the sex of rearing (ovary tissue is peripheral, testicular is central) should be salvaged. Perineal Müllerian reconstruction should be accompanied by removal of Wolffian structures if the female sex is chosen. If the phallus is adequate for male gender assignment, ovarian and Müllerian structures should be removed, followed by hypospadias repair. Testicular prostheses can be inserted later, should the testicular tissue be inadequate.
Medicinal Plants in Natural Health Care as Phytopharmaceuticals
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
It is hardy plant and is not frost tender. It flowers from May to July, and its seeds ripen from July to August. The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and is pollinated by insects. The chemical constituents present are calamenol, calamene, calamenine, methyleugenol, eugenol and α-pinene, camphene, palmitic heptylic and butyric acids, asaronal-dehyde, calamol, calamone and azulene, asarone and its β-isomer. Sesquiterpenic ketones such as acorone, calarene, calcone, calacorene, acorenone, acolamone, iso-acolamone, epishyobunone, shyobunone, isoshyobunone, acorangermendiol and preisocalamendiol are present. The rhizome is acrid, bitter, thermogenic, intellect, promoting, emetic, laxative, carminative, stomatic, acthelmintic, emmenagogue, diuretic, alexteric, expectorant, anodyne, anti-spasmodic, aphrodisiac, anti-convulsant, resuscitative, anti-inflammatory, sudorific, antipyretic, sialagogue, insecticidal, tranquillizing, nervine tonic, sedative and tonic. It is useful in vitiated conditions of vata and kapha, stomatopathy, hoarseness, colic flatulence, dyspepsia, helminthiasis, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, nephropathy, calculi, strangury, cough, bronchitis, odontalgia, pectoralgia, hepatodynia, otagia, inflammations, gout, epilepsy, delirium, amentia, convulsions, depression and other mental disorders, tumours, dysentery, hyperdipsia, haemorrhoids, intermittent fevers, skin diseases and general debility (Ganjewala and Srivastava, 2011; Rajput et al., 2014).
Sex Chromosome Anomalies
Published in Merlin G. Butler, F. John Meaney, Genetics of Developmental Disabilities, 2019
L. Hamerton John, A. Evans Jane
De la Chapelle (27) suggested that 1 in 25,000 newborn males has a 46,XX karyotype and that, in series of patients with Klinefelter syndrome, the incidence is 1 in 25. The clinical phenotype is similar to that of Klinefelter syndrome, except that XX males are shorter than XXY males and perhaps less prone to mental impairment (Fig. 6). Otherwise, the features are similar, with normal external genitalia and small testes with the same histological changes. Secondary sexual characteristics, hormonal status, and rates of gynecomastia and sterility are similar to 47,XXY subjects. Some 46,XX individuals are true hermaphrodites with both infertile testes and ovaries or ovotestis. In some males, there may be some ambiguity in the external genitalia.
The OHCHR background note on human rights violations against intersex people
Published in Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 2020
Intersex people have any of a diverse range of innate physical variations in sex characteristics that differ from medical and social norms for female or male bodies. These traits mean that intersex people risk or experience stigmatisation, discrimination and violence, including in medical, education and other settings. In many legal systems, intersex people were historically acknowledged using terms like hermaphrodite or barren women, with related jurisprudence governing marriage and inheritance. In modern times, the word hermaphrodite has narrowed in meaning, and given way to the umbrella terms intersex and, controversially, “disorders of sex development” or the ameliorative “differences of sex development”. Intersex bodies have become medicalised and atomised, with individual underlying variations each becoming associated with specific diagnostic terms.
The XY Female: Exploring Care for Adolescent Girls with Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Published in Comprehensive Child and Adolescent Nursing, 2020
Historically, ‘intersex’ was used to describe the clinical picture of an infant or child with ambiguous genitalia, whereas ‘hermaphrodite’ was used to describe a person with both ovarian and testicular tissue (Davies, 2019). Advances in molecular genetics and the causes of sex differentiation therefore has led to the new revised nomenclature, which is seen in Table 1.