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Autoimmune Disorders across the Lifespan
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Diet has the strongest influence on the gut microbiome which develops in parallel with the immune system. The microbiome promotes intestinal mucosal integrity of the single layer gut epithelium, provides essential nutrients, and protects against pathogens. The typical Western diet causes a shift to dysbiosis, permeability, and inflammation.3 Skeletal muscle is an organ of the immune system that releases anti-inflammatory cytokines. Physical activity improves skeletal muscle function. Inactivity results in a decrease in skeletal muscle function.4 Sleep is a state of physiological restoration. Change in the sleep wake cycle is one of the first responses to inflammation. Sleep deprivation causes an upregulated immune response.5
Lifestyle Medicine for the Older Adult Population
Published in James M. Rippe, Manual of Lifestyle Medicine, 2021
In addition, physical activity has the significant benefit of helping to prevent falls. Falls can present multiple medical challenges to individuals over the age of 65 and often herald the end of independent living. Regular physical activity has been demonstrated to decrease the likelihood of a fall. The PAGA 2018 concluded that there was strong evidence that multicomponent physical activity programs can significantly reduce the risk of injury from severe falls that may result in bone fracture, head trauma, open wounds, and soft tissue injury or other injuries requiring medical attention or admission to the hospital. A number of RCTs have consistently reported that fall-related injuries in bones are reduced by 32–40% and bone fractures by 40–66% among individuals over the age of 65 who are physically active. There is also evidence that adults over the age of 85 obtain similar benefits from regular physical activity programs.
Physical Activity, Weight Gain, and Obesity
Published in James M. Rippe, Increasing Physical Activity, 2020
Regular aerobic physical activity is a key intervention recommended by a variety of organizations as a component of treatment of overweight and obesity. The role of physical activity in weight loss, however, without concurrent reduction of energy intake, appears to be modest. In one study, for example, where overweight adults were prescribed home-based physical activity without concurrent reduction in energy intake, the weight loss was only 2% at six months and 1% at 18 months (24). Other studies have corroborated these findings (25, 26). These findings are consistent with the findings reported in the Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report of 2008 and PAGA 2018. The position statement from the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) in 2009 reported that there was no significant change in body weight in response to less than 150 minutes per week of physical activity. In one study, physical activity of greater than 150 and 225–420 minutes per week resulted in weight loss between 2.3 kg and 5.75 kg respectively (24).
Sports and exercise medicine clinic in public hospital settings: a real-life concept and experiences of the treatment of the first 1151 patients
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2023
Lauri Alanko, Jari A. Laukkanen, Mirva Rottensteiner, Salla Rasmus, Tero Kuha, Maarit Valtonen, Urho M. Kujala
Individuals have different interests regarding types of physical exercises, and our experience is that it is critical to discuss the likes/dislikes of the patient, ask for preferences and be supportive in the choice of physical activities. The most common physical activity is walking/Nordic walking, followed by swimming/water running, gym training, (electric-)cycling and cross-country skiing. But there are patients who participate in dancing and even virtual reality gaming. In short, if a patient likes an activity that is not a health risk, he/she should be encouraged to continue. The starting activity levels vary from none to several hours of weekly physical exercise to several hours but are usually below the national guidelines. Another typical feature in SEMC patients is that there can be some aerobic exercise or strength training at the beginning of the intervention, but very rarely both. The level of effort in aerobic training is low, that is, slow walking with no/little effort. One of the goals during the intervention is to guide the patient into the existing exercise facilities, non-supervised and supervised, instead of organizing separate training programmes. In this way, we try to reach a high cost-benefit ratio and promote long-term lifestyle change.
COVID-19: quarantine, isolation, and lifestyle diseases
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Heena Rehman, Md Iftekhar Ahmad
A central feature of the management of all the lifestyle diseases is regular physical activity. The physical activity is classified into four principal types, namely – stretching, strengthening (bone and muscles), and aerobics. Physical activity facilitates improvement in insulin sensitivity, uptake of glucose by muscles, and control over sugar. People with prediabetes are suggested to engage in 60 min of aerobic activity daily. Physical activity is the best approach for the management of weight. Weight loss can be achieved by combining restricted energy and physical activity. Regular physical activity helps in reducing abdominal obesity (Kim and Lee 2009), leading to changes in insulin resistance and blood pressure. Since the quarantine has resulted in restricted outdoor movements. Several other ways can be incorporated which helps in energy expenditure such as taking stairs instead of elevator (Blamey et al. 1995), walking while talking on the phone, and raking the leaves instead of using the blower. The ancient Chinese practices such as Qi gong and Tai chi helps in controlling the muscles (Jahnke et al. 2010). Dancing is another way of maintaining a healthy body which includes both the ballroom dancing and aerobic dancing. Jumping rope helps in burning extra calories and is categorised in aerobic activities.
A summary of the body of knowledge on physical activity for people following stroke: a scoping review
Published in Physical Therapy Reviews, 2022
Claire McFeeters, Katy Pedlow, Niamh Kennedy, Heather Colquhoun, Suzanne McDonough
Better reporting of physical activity interventions is required to allow implementation and a clear focus for future research. In addition, future research should include physical activity outcome measures to measure the effects of different physical activity interventions across the stroke pathway. Determining which physical activity modes of interventions and establishing the physical activity parameters of each intervention would be useful in determining the optimal intervention for stroke survivors with different physical activity capacity levels and at each stage of the stroke pathway. Defining physical activity, specific to the stroke population, is uncommon and therefore an appropriate definition should be determined which aligns to the various physical capacity levels of the stroke population. Research into clinician knowledge and routine practice of physical activity promotion and its outcomes should be completed in the first instance as a starting point of implementation.