China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Scale of the Problem—Overweight and Obesity
Published in Ruth Chambers, Paula Stather, Tackling Obesity and Overweight Matters in Health and Social Care, 2022
The main components of energy expenditure are basal metabolic rate, thermogenesis and physical activity. Thermogenesis includes: Any heat production required to maintain body temperatureHeat loss to do with the absorption, metabolism and transport of ingested foodHeat production to dissipate excess dietary energy In sedentary people, the relative proportions are about 60–75% expended as the basal metabolism, 10% for thermogenesis and 25% for physical activity. In sedentary people, the basal metabolic rate is about 5–10% higher than the minimum rate which occurs whilst asleep. Basal metabolic rate is higher in overweight and obese people than for people of ‘ideal’ weight, as weight gain increases the size of muscles and visceral organs as well as fat. There is no convincing evidence that obese people have extraordinarily low basal metabolic rates that account for their obesity.
Optimal Nutrition for Women
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Kayli Anderson, Kaitlyn Pauly, Debra Shapiro, Vera Dubovoy
With increased energy expenditure through physical activity come increased energy needs. Serious health consequences occur if these higher energy needs are not met. The relationship between female bone health, menstrual function, and the amount of energy available for normal body functions after energy has been expended through activity is referred to as the female athlete triad.157 Low energy availability, or a circumstance where there is an energy deficit, can lead to menstrual irregularity, amenorrhea, and loss of bone mass. Inadequate energy intake is especially common in weight-sensitive sports like distance running, cycling, dance, gymnastics, and rowing.158 It may be intentional and connected to disordered eating, but it may also be unintentional. It is advisable for all female athletes to meet with a registered dietitian to ensure they are meeting energy needs and consuming a diet that supports normal menstrual function and bone health.
History and challenges of Brazilian social movements for the achievement of the right to adequate food
Published in Emily E. Vasquez, Amaya Perez-Brume, Richard G. Parker, Social Inequities and Contemporary Struggles for Collective Health in Latin America, 2020
Ana Carolina Feldenheimer da Silva, Elisabetta Recine, Paula Johns, Fabio da Silva Gomes, Mariana de Araújo Ferraz, Eduardo Faerstein
Throughout the second half of the last century, initiatives aimed on tackling malnutrition and macro- and/or micronutrient deficiencies as well as aiming to prevent overweight were mostly focused on health education and communication approaches. In relation to overweight, consisting of recommendations to reduce the intake of calories, fat and carbohydrates and increase energy expenditure through physical activity. However, the effectiveness of these strategies has proven to be limited. Actions taken at national level have not shown effective results in Brazil (as in no other country) in ensuring energy balance at appropriate levels (Curioni & Lourenço, 2005).
Vitamin K Deficiency in the Setting of Blenderized Tube Feeding Regimen in a Teenager: A Case Report
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
N. Khan, M. Taimur, A. Malkani, R. Lamsal
Nutritional assessment revealed a home-based blenderized tube feeding regimen for many years without any supervision from a gastroenterologist or a nutritionist. His admission weight was 41 kg (<3 percentile) with BMI 17.8 (<3 percentile). In a 24-hour period, his regimen consisted of a base of 4.5 packets of Vivonex Pediatric® (900 kcal) mixed with 600 ml Gerber® baby pear juice (350 kcal), 2100 ml water, one container Gerber® butternut squash baby food (25 kcal), one container Gerber® apple baby food (60 kcal). This provided adequate calories of 1335 kcal/day (estimated need 1374–1402 kcals/day) for Resting Energy Expenditure (REE). The vitamin K intake for the patient was 44.2 mcg/day (recommended AI for males and females 9–13 years is 60 mcg/day). Additionally, the feeding tube regimen was insufficient in several other essential nutrients relative to the DRIs. Shortfall intakes included protein (18 g), calcium (825 mg), phosphorus (707 mg), sodium (370 mg), zinc (5 mg), magnesium (147), folate (147 mcg). Upon review, 6 packets (1500 mL) per day was the recommended intake of Vivonex Pediatric® (9). The patient had been taking 4.5 packets per day.
Longitudinal weight and body-composition changes in polish undergraduate students of health faculty
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Jan Czeczelewski phd, Marcin Czeczelewski phd, Ewa Czeczelewska phd
The physical activity of the surveyed students was estimated using the diagnostic survey method with the Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire (SDPAR).25 The questionnaire was aimed at collecting data concerning the time spent within a week (7 days) on various activities which, depending on their intensity, were ascribed a specific value of metabolic equivalent of task (MET), being an equivalent of 1 kcal/kg/h. The SDPAR makes it possible to collect data on the number of hours of physical activity with low (1.5 MET), moderate (4 MET), high (6 MET) and very high (10 MET) intensity, and additionally takes an account of the energy expenditure during sleep (1 MET). The data gathered from the questionnaires was used to calculate the daily energy expenditure expressed in kcal/day.
Skeletal muscle plasticity and thermogenesis: Insights from sea otters
Published in Temperature, 2022
Traver Wright, Melinda Sheffield-Moore
Although the metabolic rate in resting skeletal muscle is low, it can rapidly increase to support metabolic demand. In skeletal muscle, this increased demand often powers muscle contractions for movement during physical activity, but can also increase for thermogenesis. Increased metabolic heat production can result from shivering (thermogenic muscle contractions that do not support functional movement), or nonshivering thermogenesis. Nonshivering thermogenesis has the advantage of not requiring muscle contraction to increase cellular energy expenditure. Instead, the sequestration of ions in membrane-bound intracellular chambers is made less efficient by “leaky” membranes. This leak requires additional energy expenditure to maintain trans-membrane concentration gradients, and includes proton leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane (where the proton gradient is used to generate ATP) as well as sarcolipin-mediated leak of sequestered calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum [4]. Through these mechanisms, skeletal muscle tissue contributes significantly to thermogenesis. Skeletal muscle metabolic capacity must be maintained at a level adequate to support not only thermogenesis, but also peak simultaneous demands for sustained physical activity and cellular maintenance. While increased demand for physical activity (e.g. endurance exercise training) is recognized as the primary work-producing stimulus to upregulate skeletal muscle aerobic capacity, the role of cold exposure is often underappreciated for its ability to stimulate an upregulation of metabolic capacity and thermogenic leak.