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Lifestyle Medicine Clinical Processes
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Additionally, encouraging non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) by increasing the amount of energy expenditure throughout the day outside of exercise is an equally important recommendation in a LM physical activity consultation, particularly as there is a consistent association between sitting and all-cause mortality across sexes, age groups, BMI categories and physical activity levels.5 Encouraging two minute bouts of light or moderate intensity walking every 20 minutes was shown to significantly reduce blood glucose and insulin levels compared to uninterrupted sitting.6 A potential tool to assist in decreasing sitting time is the use of pedometers, whether as a separate wearable device for tracking or as an enabled app within one’s mobile device. Individuals are able to passively track this information and receive in-app feedback based on target goals for steps to achieve per day, which can be useful in not only decreasing sedentary behavior, but also in promoting physical and mental health.7,8 Sharing this information with the LM clinician and the LM team members involved in care encourages both structured exercise and the increased daily episodic movement necessary to reduce the harmful effects of excess sitting behaviors.
The metabolic basis of obesity
Published in Anna Bellisari, The Anthropology Of Obesity in the United States, 2016
Physical work and exercise involve skeletal muscle contractions which are fueled by the oxidation of fatty acids. Physical activity accounts for about 70 percent of TDEE in trained athletes, but only 30 percent in most individuals who are typically not so active (Blaak 2009). Endurance training increases lipolytic action and shifts energy expenditure up. Even apparently negligible physical activity such as non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), better known as fidgeting, significantly increases energy expenditure in some individuals (Levine et al. 1999). Among Pima men but not women, low spontaneous physical activity is a familial trait, possibly a hereditary contributor to energy conservation and obesity (Kriska et al. 1993; Ravussin et al. 1994).
Exercise and Dietary Influences on The Regulation of Energy Balance and Implications for Body Weight Control
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Andrea M. Brennan, Robert Ross
Energy expenditure includes the energy consumed in metabolic reactions to maintain physiological homeostasis at rest and during exercise (36). Total energy expenditure is the sum of the following components:Thermic effect of food (TEF): The energy required to ingest, digest, absorb, and store nutrients from food and fluids we consume is the smallest component of daily energy expenditure in humans (∼10%) (98). The digestion of protein requires the greatest amount of energy, followed by carbohydrates and fat (38).Resting energy expenditure (REE): The energy required to sustain vital homeostatic functions of our cells and organs, including body maintenance and growth, when not performing physical work. REE is reliant on many factors, including body composition (fat-free mass vs. fat mass), age, biological sex, health status, pregnancy/lactation, environment, etc. (36).Physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE): The energy required to perform volitional and purposeful exercise. PAEE is determined by the type, duration, and intensity of exercise and varies according to overall body weight (36, 38, 103). For example, an individual weighing 120 kg will require more energy to perform the same duration and intensity of exercise as an individual who weighs 80 kg.Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT): The energy required to perform activities of daily living, including household chores, gardening, sitting and standing, etc. (55).
The Thermic Effect of Food: A Review
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2019
Manuel Calcagno, Hana Kahleova, Jihad Alwarith, Nora N. Burgess, Rosendo A. Flores, Melissa L. Busta, Neal D. Barnard
Total energy expenditure has several components. Basal metabolism is energy expended at rest and accounts for approximately 60% of total daily energy expenditure. The thermic effect of food (TEF), also called specific dynamic action or dietary induced thermogenesis, is the increase in metabolism after a meal and accounts for approximately 10% of total energy expenditure. It represents the energy expenditure of processing and storing food, as well as the metabolic effects of the influx of nutrients. Intentional (e.g., sports-related) exercise accounts for between 0% and 10% of total energy expenditure (3). Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (e.g., daily living activities, fidgeting, maintenance of posture) accounts for the remaining roughly 20% of total energy expenditure (4).
Biomarkers of cardiometabolic health are associated with body composition characteristics but not physical activity in persons with spinal cord injury
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2019
Tom E Nightingale, Jean-Philippe Walhin, Dylan Thompson, James LJ Bilzon
In the rehabilitation setting, Nooijen et al.,35 objectively assessed physical activity over 48 hours, finding that physical activity levels were associated with ⩒O2 peak. The present study reveals that PAL and MVPA had the strongest associations with relative ⩒O2 peak, although sedentary time also had a weak association. Greater benefits in ⩒O2 peak are seen with volumes more akin to non-disabled MVPA guidelines than PAG-SCI. Considering that light-intensity activity (which encompasses non-exercise activity thermogenesis; NEAT) was not associated with ⩒O2 peak, it could be argued that purposeful exercise above the intensity threshold of MVPA is necessary to improve cardiorespiratory fitness. However, this is difficult to determine when you consider physical activity is a multidimensional construct, whereby no single dimension will adequately reflect an individual’s physical activity.11 For example there are multiple physical activity profiles, whereby one person might have high MVPA (through a bout of structured exercise) and high cardiorespiratory fitness but a low NEAT. In this scenario, NEAT may therefore appear not important (on its own), but of course the situation is more complex than this. For the time being, interventions should be feasible, yet challenging enough (through higher-intensity exercise and greater volumes of MVPA) to increase cardiorespiratory fitness in this population. Moreover, as only 13% of the cohort performed any vigorous-intensity physical activity (≥ 6 METS), future studies should examine whether such unique characteristics of physical activity could be manipulated to improve cardiometabolic health in this population.36
Status of physical activity in Japanese adults and children
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2019
According to the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (DRIs-J) 2015 by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan (2014), estimated energy requirements are calculated as basal metabolic rate multiplied by PA level (PAL). Therefore, PAL reflects the total amount of all types of PA, rather than moderate-to-vigorous PA. The normal value of PAL for adults aged 18–69 years old was set at 1.75 (Tabata et al. 2013), based on the average value for healthy Japanese men and women aged 20–59 years living in four districts of Japan (Ishikawa-Takata et al. 2008). This value is comparable to values obtained in the general populations of developed countries (Black et al. 1996). However, average values larger than 1.75 have been obtained in several studies for normal populations (Rafamantanantsoa et al. 2003; Peng et al. 2004; Ishikawa-Takata et al. 2011; Namba et al. 2012), particularly in elderly populations (Yamada et al. 2009, 2018). One of the main reasons for such higher values is non-random sampling, although there is a possibility that some populations exhibit high PA, in addition to non-exercise activity thermogenesis. Therefore, evaluation of PA to include not only exercise, but also non-exercise activity thermogenesis, is important. To estimate total energy expenditure and PAL, including the duration of moderate-to-vigorous PA or sedentary behaviour, several methods have been proposed for Japanese adults, including use of either an accelerometer (Oshima et al. 2010; Ohkawara et al. 2011) or questionnaires, such as the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Japan Arteriosclerosis Longitudinal Study Physical Activity Questionnaire (JALSPAQ), and the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective Study (JPHC) questionnaires (Ishikawa-Takata et al. 2008, 2011; Sasai et al. 2018).