China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Injuries in Children
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
Lacerations are caused by blunt force tearing tissues. Incised wounds are caused by sharp objects cutting the skin. Assessment of the neurovascular status and underlying structures is imperative. The possibility of an underlying fracture must also be considered. An essential part of wound care which must not be overlooked is adequate cleaning and removal of foreign bodies. To be confident that these have been carried out well may require local anaesthesia. Once anaesthetized, wounds can be more formally explored painlessly to check for damage to deeper structures. Radiography may be helpful for radio-opaque foreign bodies (metal and most glass); ultrasound can be helpful for other objects such as wood, plastic, thorns, etc.
Inhalation Toxicity of Metal Particles and Vapors
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Barium and its salts are used extensively in the manufacture of various alloys, in paints, soap, paper, and rubber, and in the manufacture of ceramics and glass. Barium hydroxide is used in sugar refining. Barium fluorosilicate and carbonate have been used as insecticides and rodenticides. Barium sulfate, an insoluble compound, is used as a radiopaque material to aid in x-ray diagnosis.
X-ray Vision: Diagnostic X-rays and CT Scans
Published in Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman, Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, 2020
Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman
One way of getting around the similarities in x-ray absorption of many tissues is to utilize contrast media – radiopaque materials introduced into the soft tissues of the body. This is necessary, for example, in imaging the heart and the digestive tract, where the very similar densities and effective Z values of water, blood, and muscle make distinguishing any differences in x-ray absorption particularly difficult. Barium (Z = 56) and iodine (Z = 53) are the two elements most commonly incorporated into contrast media. The high Z of these elements makes them absorb x-rays much more strongly by the photoelectric effect than soft body tissues (Figure 5.10). In addition, the compounds into which these elements are incorporated for imaging are denser than water. Barium and iodine in particular are chosen because their main x-ray absorption edges (the K-edge; see Section 5.4 for the discussion of absorption edges) fall at 37.4 and 33.2 keV, respectively, in a range corresponding to typical diagnostic x-ray energies. As Figure 5.10 illustrates, the mass attenuation coefficients of iodine and barium rise abruptly just above their K-edge energies, resulting in significantly enhanced x-ray absorption by the contrast medium if x-rays with this energy range are used. The contrast agent's greater radiopaqueness creates large contrasts in absorption with surrounding soft tissues, making their presence easily discernible on a radiograph. This means that if the contrast agent is introduced into a specific region of the body, then the anatomy of that region can be easily visualized in turn.
Radiopaque rodenticide
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Maryam Haghighi-Morad, Nasim Zamani, Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam
A 34-year-old man was referred to the emergency department with nausea and vomiting almost three hours after an intentional ingestion of five packs of a black powdered rodenticide (Figure 1). He mentioned a previous history of psychological problems and suicidal attempt two years earlier. The abdominal radiograph demonstrates radiopaque material in the stomach (Figure 2). He received conservative treatment with polyethylene glycol (500 mL/h until defecation and complete clearance of the abdominal radiograph) and a venous blood gas analysis every six hours and liver enzyme tests every twelve hours, and was discharged two days later completely symptom-free with no evidence of radiopaque material in his gastrointestinal (GI) system confirmed by a second abdominal radiograph. No other routine toxicological analyses were performed.
Effects of percutaneous vertebroplasty on respiratory parameters in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Ching-Hou Ma, Hsin-Lun Yang, Yu-Ting Huang, Zhi-Xiang Wu, Hui-Ching Cheng, Wan-Ching Chou, Ching-Hsia Hung, Kun-Ling Tsai
Vertebral compression fractures are known to occur in the elderly. Transcutaneous vertebroplasty is the most common treatment for vertebral compression fractures. According to the standard procedure, transcutaneous vertebroplasty is performed by injecting radiopaque bone cement into the partially collapsed vertebral body to achieve pain relief, increase spine stability, and even restore the vertebral body height [11]. Over the past few decades, several studies have explored the clinical benefits of transcutaneous vertebroplasty in terms of pain and quality of life, as well as its adverse events [17]. In this study, we investigated the effect of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) on pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, chest mobility, and back pain status in patients with vertebral compression fracture (VCF).
Life-threatening barium carbonate poisoning managed with intravenous potassium, continuous veno-venous haemodialysis and endoscopic removal of retained ceramic glazes
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Nazila Jamshidi, Nina Dhaliwal, Dean Hearn, Craig McCalman, Ross Wenzel, Zeff Koutsogiannis, Darren M. Roberts
At 15.5 h post-ingestion, a basic metabolic profile showed acute kidney injury (AKI, serum creatinine 118 µmol/L), potassium 6.7 mmol/L and metabolic acidaemia (nadir pH 7.14, pCO2 51 mmHg, bicarbonate 16 mmol/L, BE −11.0 mmol/L). Chest X-ray 17 h post-ingestion showed large radio-opaque material thought to be barium and strontium compounds in the stomach (Figure 2(a)). CVVHD was initiated at 22 h post-overdose for metabolic derangement and enhanced elimination of barium. Endoscopy removed the foreign material from gastric body and duodenum at 41 h post-ingestion (Figure 2(b)). Hyperkalaemia and QT prolongation resolved within 4 h. She was extubated 60 h post-ingestion and CVVHD was stopped on day 3. Serum creatinine peaked at 348 µmol/L on day 7. Acute kidney injury resolved and she was discharged 11 days post- ingestion. Serum barium and strontium concentrations with respect to her clinical course and treatment are summarized in Figure 3. The peak barium concentration 15 h post-ingestion coincided with the cardiac arrest.