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The integrative neuroscience of physical activity, fitness and academic proficiency
Published in Romain Meeusen, Sabine Schaefer, Phillip Tomporowski, Richard Bailey, Physical Activity and Educational Achievement, 2017
R. Davis Moore, Jacob J. Kay, Eric S. Drollette
With respect to linguistic proficiency, Scudder and colleagues (2014) employed an experimental sentence-processing task while ERPs were recorded. Similarly to Moore and colleagues, fitter children exhibited greater N400 amplitudes during semantically incongruous sentences. Fitter children also exhibited greater P600 (an index of language structure processing; Kutas & Federmeier, 2011) during syntactic violations compared to less fit children. Accordingly, fitter children were also better able to detect erroneous sentence structure on the behavioural level. Therefore, fitness appears to be associated with a richer network of words and their meanings, and a greater ability to detect and/or repair syntactic errors.
ENHANCING IMPLICIT LEARNING WITH POSTHYPNOTIC SUGGESTION: An ERP Study
Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2018
Jerome Daltrozzo, Gerardo E. Valdez
One experimental task that has been useful to test SL with ERPs is that used by Jost, Conway, Purdy, Walk, and Hendricks (2015). In this variation of the standard oddball paradigm (Squires, Squires, & Hillyard, 1975), participants were presented with sequences of visual, nonlinguistic stimuli (colored circles; randomly assigned between-participants) containing a “standard” stimulus (i.e., that was presented repeatedly) and a set of four different “deviant” stimuli. These deviants belonged to one of two different categories: predictor or target. The participants were asked to respond to the target deviants by pressing a button. Participants were not told that the other type of deviants—the predictor deviants—would precede the target with one of three different levels of fixed contingent probability in relation to the target (i.e., “high,” “low,” and “null” predictability with 90%, 20%, and 0% probabilities, respectively). With exposure to the three predictor-target probabilities, participants learned these statistical associations and could use them to predict the occurrence of the target. Jost et al. (2015) reported a late positive ERP component that increased with predictor-target probability. That is, the ERP component displayed the greatest amplitude for the “high” compared to the “low” or “null” predictors and hence was interpreted as an ERP index of SL. These authors proposed that this late positivity was a P300, an ERP component reflecting stimulus evaluation-based decision or categorization processes as well as memory updating of contextual representations (for a review, see Polich, 2007). However, given the late latency of the ERP effect reported by Jost et al. (2015), an alternative interpretation could be that they found a modulation of the P600 component. (Note that Coulson, King, and Kutas, 1998, have suggested that the P300 and P600 may actually be the same ERP component, but see Frisch, Kotz, von Cramon, and Friederici, 2003).
Comparing intravenous peramivir with oral oseltamivir for patients with influenza: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Yu-Hsing Fang, Tzu-Herng Hsu, Tzu-Yin Lin, Chia-Hung Liu, Shou-Chu Chou, Jie-Ying Wu, Pang-Chung Perng
Four studies compared the ITT results for the incidence of pneumonia between IV P600 and oral O75 treatments [19–21,23]. No significant difference was observed in the overall pneumonia rate (2.2% vs. 2.7%; RR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.37–1.51). The results revealed low heterogeneity among the studies (I2 = 0%) (Figure 2–1.2.1).
Processing syntax: perspectives on language specificity
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2020
Niharika M. K., K. S. Prema Rao
As aforementioned, P600 component reflects necessarily syntax processing. However, the traditional functional significance of P600 is a matter of debate in the recent past [26,27]. Traditionally, P600 is found to reflect structural reanalysis during syntax processing [28]. Reanalysis is recovering the correct analysis by discarding the incorrect analysis or temporary difficulty in analyzing the structure of the sentence. Further, the P600 effect is evidenced in syntactic violations that require repair and in syntactic ambiguity, which requires ambiguity resolution and reanalysis. While structural repair refers to the processes that attempt to construct a correct representation when the sentence continuation is ungrammatical, ambiguity resolution is resolving the temporary difficulty that is posed by the ambiguity in the sentence [10,29,30]. Subsequent investigations have found P600 effects in response to a broad range of nonsyntactic manipulations, including highly semantically anomalous sentences [31], sentences with animacy violations, or sentences with thematic role violations [32–37], as well as nonlinguistic manipulations involving musical syntax [38]. A few studies have reported the existence of ‘Semantic P600’ potential in response to syntactic violations [39]. Further, the results of Gouvea et al. [10,31] fetched a noteworthy finding. They compared the ERP responses elicited in response to different English sentence structures, namely, syntactic violations, garden path sentences, and long-distance Wh-dependencies. Results showed that syntactic violations and garden-path sentences elicited a P600 component, but was less robust in the long-distance Wh-dependency condition. There were differences observed in the scalp topography, onset, and duration of the P600 effects, which were attributed to the syntactic operations involved in building complex syntactic structures. The authors opined that different syntactic sub-processes differentially influence P600 which may get notified in its components. The retrieval processes is reported to control the latency of the P600, and the structure-building processes control its amplitude. A summary of the results of ERP studies conducted with a focus on syntax processing using visual presentation of sentences, since the discovery of P600 is presented in Table 1.