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Optical Nanoprobes for Diagnosis
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
R. G. Aswathy, D. Sakthi Kumar
The research on biomedical optics for imaging has developed rapidly within a decade and is projected to continue its development and contribution in coming years. Application of photons as a data source to diagnose diseases has been practiced since many years. Optical imaging has been transformed as an indispensable tool for preclinical experimental diagnosis and in medical diagnosis. The optical properties (absorption and emission) of nanoparticles (NPs) in the ultraviolet-visible-infrared (UV-VIS-IR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum are exploited in optical imaging (Figure 7.1).
Therapeutic Strategies and Future Research
Published in Mark A. Mentzer, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, 2020
Optical imaging techniques include fluorescence microscopy, Raman imaging, interference imaging, optical coherence tomography, total internal reflection imaging, multi-photon microscopy, confocal microscopy, and other developing tools, including fluorescence imaging. Fluorescence optical imaging systems include spatial filtering confocal microscopy, spatially resolved localized spectroscopy, polarization and time-resolved fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Applications include whole body imaging, drug distribution, protein engineering, and identification of structural changes in cells, organelles, and tissues (Prasad, 2003).
Introduction
Published in Shoogo Ueno, Bioimaging, 2020
Molecular imaging is a type of biomedical imaging that visualizes cellular functions or molecular processes inside the body. Probes used for molecular imaging are targeted to biomarkers for specific visualization of targets or pathways. Many kinds of modalities have been employed for non-invasive molecular imaging. Among the many modalities, optical imaging is promising. Optical imaging is based on fluorescence emission from fluorophores that are targeted to, or accumulated by, cancer cells, or activated by molecular targets that are overexpressed in cancer. Fluorescence imaging of malignant and premalignant lesions can be used as a guide for diagnostic biopsy or intraoperatively to aid accurate surgical resection. Urano and his group are leading in the field of optical fluorescence imaging for cancer detection, and in his laboratory, unique probes and cancer detections have been developed, for example, the results include rapid cancer detection by topically spraying a fluorescent probe, and activatable probes which offer particular advantages in terms of providing a cancer-specific signal with high sensitivity and a high tumor-to-background signal ratio (Urano et al., 2005, 2009, 2011, Kamiya et al., 2007, 2011).
A critical review on the role of nanotheranostics mediated approaches for targeting β amyloid in Alzheimer’s
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2023
Vaibhav Rastogi, Anjali Jain, Prashant Kumar, Pragya Yadav, Mayur Porwal, Shashank Chaturvedi, Phool Chandra, Anurag Verma
Optical imaging uses visible light and the unique characteristics of photons to produce detailed images of organs, tissues, and even smaller structures like cells and molecules inside the body in a non-invasive manner. In comparison to other conventional techniques, this is one of OI’s biggest advantages and what makes it so user-friendly. It is also comparatively a less expensive technique. Intrinsic tissue absorption and scattering provide information about anatomical features during optical imaging, but it is less informative about specific functionalities (such as metabolism, excretion, and secretion) without the use of fluorescent markers [125]. For the optical imaging, development of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) offers the fluorescence signal’s axial and lateral interference as well as the ability also allows for optical sectioning, which can be used for three-dimensional imaging of thicker samples.
Next-generation sequencing and its application in diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2019
Arash Salmaninejad, Jamshid Motaee, Mahsa Farjami, Maliheh Alimardani, Alireza Esmaeilie, Alireza Pasdar
Ion Torrent semiconductor sequencing uses pH changes due to hydrogen ion released during formation of a phosphodiester bond between nucleotides. The released proton results in pH reduction by 0.02 per single base incorporation. This is detected by integrated complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) – ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) sensor (22). Maximum read length is about 400 bp. Similar to 454 (and all other pyrosequencing technologies) Ion Torrent is less able to readily interpret homopolymer sequences due to the loss of signal as multiple matching dNTPs incorporate, that can result in missing out the deletions or substitution mutation. The absence of optical imaging systems makes the use of this technology more cost-effective, simpler and faster than other commercialized platforms. Single molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT) is the only optical sequencing technology in which template DNA is sequenced without clonal amplification, but in library preparation for Illumina, SOLiD, 454 and Ion Torrent platforms DNA amplification is a necessary stage that is performed by Solid-phase bridge amplification and emulsion PCR (13,23). SMRT sequencing approach has been widely used for the long-read platform by Pacific Biosciences (PacBio); also, SMRT is a selective method for sequencing of regions with high repetitive and genome assembly (16,20).
Orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma: molecular imaging-monitored intratumoral hyperthermia-enhanced direct oncolytic virotherapy
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2019
Jingjing Song, Feng Zhang, Jiansong Ji, Minjiang Chen, Qiang Li, Qiaoyou Weng, Shannon Gu, Matthew J. Kogut, Xiaoming Yang
wIn addition, we also used optical imaging to follow up tumor response to the treatments. Optical imaging was conducted using the in vivo imaging system (Bruker). Each animal was imaged at days 0, 7, and 14. Optical images were acquired 20 min immediately after an intraperitoneal administration of d-luciferin at 150 mg/kg (Pierce d-Luciferin; ThermoFisher Scientific, Rockford, III). Signal intensity of the tumor was quantified by using the Bruker software. Relative signal intensity (RSI) was calculated by using the following equation: RSI = SIDn/SID0, where SI is signal intensity, Dn represents days after treatment, and D0 is the day before treatment.