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Optical Spectroscopy for the Detection of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Published in David J. Hackam, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 2021
Optical spectroscopy is a technology that has shown potential promise in this regard and merits more widespread understanding and investigation. Spectroscopy is a measurement of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation, or light, with tissue. The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of wavelengths and respective frequencies that light waves can manifest, spanning the following commonly known energies from lowest to highest: radio, microwave, infrared, visible (400–700 nm wavelength), ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma (Figure 20.1). Whenever photons (the basic building blocks of electromagnetic radiation that have properties of both a particle and a wave) encounter an object, various fractions of the light are simultaneously reflected, absorbed, and scattered (Figure 20.2). The proportion of each of these fractions varies by wavelength and is determined by the characteristics of the target and its tendency to interact with each respective wavelength. A spectrophotometer is a device that quantifies this interaction by detecting the fraction of light that is either transmitted (i.e., not absorbed) or reflected. Spectrophotometers are widely used in a diverse array of scientific fields to characterize objects of interest, including physics, astronomy, materials science, chemistry, and biochemistry.
Conjugation and Other Methods in Polymeric Vaccines
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Spectroscopic methods are used in the structural characterization of organic or inorganic biomolecules. Spectroscopy is commonly defined as the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter (Stan Tsai 2007). Due to the high sensitivity of fluorescence spectroscopy to other spectroscopy branches, it is more suitable to be used for the analysis of fluorescence-specific biomolecules. It is a method that is particularly preferred in the structural function analysis of peptides and proteins. Fluorescence spectroscopy is a branch of spectroscopy in which the emission of an evoked molecule as a basis is examined. It is at the top of the other spectroscopy branches because of the degree of sensitivity. Many substances can be identified with a sensitivity of less than one million by fluorescence spectroscopy. The selectivity of this method is high. The operating range is in the visible area. The fluorescence event involves two processes: absorption and emission (Lakowicz 1999).
Current Perspectives and Methods for the Characterization of Natural Medicines
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Muthusamy Ramesh, Arunachalam Muthuraman, Nallapilai Paramakrishnan, Balasubramanyam I. Vishwanathan
UV spectroscopy is another type of spectroscopy. The basic principles of UV spectroscopy are absorption of light and make the changes of the incident after passing to samples. It lies between the wavelength of 200–400 nm and visible spectroscopy lie at the wavelength of 400–800 nm. The instrument used for obtaining the spectrum is UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Ethyl alcohol and hexane are the solvents widely used to prepare the sample for UV-Vis spectroscopy. UV-Vis spectrum assists to characterize the aromatic group of compounds and conjugated dienes in qualitative analysis. In quantitative analysis, UV-Vis spectroscopy also helps to determine the molar concentration of constituents present in a given sample. In addition, it is also used to detect impurities, isomers, and molecular weight (Perkampus, 2013). UV-Vis spectroscopy was employed to characterize diarylheptanoids in association with other spectral techniques (Alberti et al., 2018). Diarylheptanoids have a specific absorption range, i.e., 250–290 nm. Acetonitrile was used as a solvent to get the UV-Vis spectrum. Further, a wider absorption band observed for curcumin, i.e., 410–430 nm. Keto-enol tautomerism of curcumin was characterized from the intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. UV-Vis spectroscopy method is also used for the quantification of the curcuminoid content of Curcuma Longa extract (Alberti et al., 2018). The UV-Visible spectroscopy-based characterized phytoconstituents and marine compounds are listed in Table 2.2.
Advancing cervical cancer diagnosis and screening with spectroscopy and machine learning
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2023
Carlos A. Meza Ramirez, Michael Greenop, Yasser A. Almoshawah, Pierre L. Martin Hirsch, Ihtesham U. Rehman
Today, in the UK and the world, cervical cancer screening is recommended to be carried out every 5 to 10 years [105–108]. And despite the great success to tackle the incidence of cervical cancers by starting HPV vaccination programs in young women [109], it is vital to develop improved alternatives to cervical cancer screening and diagnosis. In this article, we have described different disruptive analytical and statistical methods which could be outstanding allies in the cervical cancer screening frontline. Currently, detection and diagnosis times can take between 2 and 6 weeks [110], not counting any delays that may exist within the healthcare system due to external factors. The technologies presented in this review could not only allow these times to be significantly reduced but also improve screening accuracy. In conjunction with improving efficiency comes one of the biggest challenges, reducing costs. In 2012, a study was carried out in England, where it was predicted that all costs related to cervical cancer screening and treatment could be £358,222 (€440,426; $574,910) per 1000 women, and in turn, it was estimated that early diagnosis could reduce costs by £9,388 per 1000 women [111]. The spectroscopy technology is becoming simpler and easier to operate, thus spectroscopy could help to bring down these costs, with proper research, spectroscopy systems can be miniaturized and therefore reduce operating costs.
Role of artificial intelligence and vibrational spectroscopy in cancer diagnostics
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Ihtesham U. Rehman, Rabia Sannam Khan, Shazza Rehman
Just to highlight, substantial changes in chemical structure that are caused by cancer and their different grades and subtypes using vibrational spectroscopy can be more precisely picked up with a combination of spectroscopy, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. The spectra data on breast cancer given in Figures 1 and 2 highlights the importance of FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, chemometrics analysis and their outstanding clinical potential. It is clear that more understanding is required to improve the technology and facilitate its clinical use and data processing. As stated earlier, the role of spectroscopy in the analysis of biological molecules has increased significantly over the last decade and more and more clinical studies are being reported. To accomplish more clinical multidisciplinary collaboration between researchers, companies, and clinicians are crucial.
Spectroscopy as a tool for detection and monitoring of Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Rabia Sanam Khan, Ihtesham Ur Rehman
Spectroscopy with its advances in technology is central to novel applications in bioengineering, natural sciences, and now in the medical field. Both Raman (RS) and infrared (IR) spectroscopies can help in the diagnosis of infections at the point of care [5,6]. Spectroscopic techniques have attracted growing interest as biomedical tools for the early diagnosis and monitoring of human disease. The need to study bacteria and viruses has seen a renewed interest with recent technologies capable of providing snapshot information about the overall composition of biological species [7,8]. As a result, complex biological samples such as urine, CVF, blood, saliva, breast milk, etc., can now be assessed with unparalleled efficiency and resolution using techniques such as proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H-NMR), RS, and IR [9–11].