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Protein–Nanoparticle Interactions
Published in Lajos P. Balogh, Nano-Enabled Medical Applications, 2020
Iseult Lynch, Kenneth A. Dawson
Scientists in the 20th century developed surface physical chemistry and related fields to a high point of achievement. It is an interesting observation that once more, albeit in quite a different context, high surface area adsorption of biomolecules has become a key arena for the development of bionanointeractions.
Enzyme Kinetics and Drugs as Enzyme Inhibitors
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
This chapter starts with a brief introduction to enzyme kinetics by means of the Michaelis–Menten kinetics that goes back to a publication by the German biochemist Leonor Michaelis and Canadian physician Maud Menten (1913), who built on earlier experimental findings, e.g., those published by the French physical chemist Victor Henri (1902). A paper entitled “One hundred years of Michaelis–Menten kinetics” was published by Cornish-Bowden (2015).
What Is Chemistry?
Published in John R. Helliwell, The Whats of a Scientific Life, 2019
I can’t remember what my school chemistry set books were, unfortunately. I do recall that, unlike my school physics studies, where we had one book (Nelkon and Parker, which I described in my ‘What is physics?’ chapter above), we had separate books for inorganic, organic and physical chemistry. When I became a chemistry academic I discovered the book General Chemistry by Linus Pauling [2]. So, the foundations of all of chemistry could be brought together in one volume! More than that, Pauling included biochemistry and also the myriad ways in which the fundamental particles inside the nucleus of the atom come together. Pauling obviously thought of such interactions in particle physics as still, quite simply, chemistry!
Sulfate and acid-base balance
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2023
Troels Ring, Sebastian Frische, Stephen Edward Rees, Jette Nybo, Søren Risom Kristensen
In conclusion, using fluids with constant [Na] and constant [HEPES] we found that pH declined as sulfate ions were added, and we could verify that the titratable acidity increased linearly with [sulfate]. Therefore, sulfate excretion per se is acid excretion. This undermines the traditional concept that sulfate excretion is a direct marker of endogenous acid production. The findings are in accordance with the fact that sulfate reabsorption by the proximal sodium-sulfate cotransporter NaSi1 is downregulated under acidosis and explains why children with distal renal tubular acidosis may be in negative sulfate balance. The analysis also undermines traditional concepts of what an acid is, but crucially, the results are completely understandable using charge-balance modeling, based only on the three fundamental concepts of electroneutrality, conservation of mass, and rules of dissociation as derived from physical chemistry.
Analysis of chemical engineering curriculum to improve process safety competency
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
Salwa Sofri, D. M. Reddy Prasad, Mohammad Hazwan Bin Azri, Aisah Timbang
Major chemical plant accidents resulting in fire, explosion and toxic release are prone to risk the environment, the health and safety of the workers and the public. Process safety (PS) is intended to prevent and mitigate these accidents. It is important to note that PS differs from health, safety and environment (HSE); PS focuses on whole-system behaviours and facility design to prevent unintentional hazard release, while HSE deals with human behaviour – maintaining awareness of personnel safety, including slips, falls, illness, etc. General PS covers gas dynamics, high-speed flow modelling, non-equilibrium thermodynamics, shock waves and pressure waves, fire and explosions in physical chemistry, multiphase flow theory, and vessel and piping structural behaviour [4]. The significance of developing PS competency can be gleaned from the increasing scale and complexity of the modern chemical process industries, making it harder to control the operation safely and thus heightening the risk of incidents [1].
Protein corona: challenges and opportunities for targeted delivery of nanomedicines
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Zhuxuan Jiang, Yuxiu Chu, Changyou Zhan
The formation of protein corona is usually via a complicated and dynamic route. Generally, the proteins with higher affinities and longer residence times form a stable ‘hard corona,’ while the lower and shorter ones that are more readily replaced constitute a ‘soft corona’ [11–13]. The components of hard corona are highly dependent on the features of nanoparticles, including size, shape, surface properties, and materials (reviewed in [14,15]). For example, the nanoparticles with larger sizes usually possess lower surface curvature and greater surface areas, leading to a larger degree coverage by protein corona [16–18]. Besides, the charged or hydrophobic bio-nano interfaces are more attractive to plasma proteins and thus more easily covered/denatured [19–21]. More importantly, the formation of protein corona is not only deeply affected by the physical-chemistry properties of nanoparticles but also has a major impact on the properties of nanoparticles.