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Theranostics: A New Holistic Approach in Nanomedicine
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Ankit Rochani, Sreejith Raveendran
Radioactive isotope tagged graphene (known as radio-graphene) is one of the interesting designs being explored for theranostic applications. 131I and 125I labeled PEG-coated GOs were used for the development of nuclear imaging-guided radio and photothermal therapy [82]. Further, 105TRC tagged PEG-GO was developed, which was later tagged with 64Cu using 1, 4, 7-triazacyclononane-1, 4, 7-triacetic acid ((NOTA), a known chelator for 64Cu labeling) [83]. Various radio-graphene materials have been developed to date and shown to be effective against various forms of cancer conditions [84]. However, the safe removal of the radioactive material from the body or its metabolism remains unanswered. These products help increase targeting to cancer tissue and therapeutic effect via localized heating due to gamma radiation. PET scan or gamma imaging is the most commonly used imaging technique for the radio-graphene theranostic system.
General Surgery
Published in Tjun Tang, Elizabeth O'Riordan, Stewart Walsh, Cracking the Intercollegiate General Surgery FRCS Viva, 2020
Rebecca Fish, Aisling Hogan, Aoife Lowery, Frank McDermott, Chelliah R Selvasekar, Choon Sheong Seow, Vishal G Shelat, Paul Sutton, Yew-Wei Tan, Thomas Tsang
How is surgical equipment sterilised?The majority of surgical instruments and drapes are sterilised using an autoclave (saturated steam at high pressure), at 134°C, a pressure of 2 atm for a holding time of 3 min. This kills all organisms including viruses and heat-resistant spores. The steam penetration is monitored with the Bowie–Dick test, which should be checked prior to every operation.Dry-heat sterilisation is used for moisture-sensitive instruments and those with fine cutting edges. The tools are heated to 160°C for 1 hour.Ethylene oxide is a highly penetrative gas used to sterilise heat-sensitive equipment (rubber, electrical equipment), and it will kill vegetative bacteria, spores and viruses.Gamma irradiation is used in industry to sterilise large batches of single-use items such as catheters and syringes.
Radiation Hormesis in Lifespan
Published in T. D. Luckey, Radiation Hormesis, 2020
The first experiment of Storer and associates involved 18,000 mice in closed colony conditions and exposure at 10 weeks to gamma rays of 45 cGy/m.881 Although 11.4% of the controls were discarded, the mean lifespan of female mice exposed to 10 cGy was the same as controls. If all the mice had been reported, the exposed mice might have had a longer mean lifespan; the report was not explicit about the discarded mice. Males in both groups showed about the same lifespan. Their data showed decreased mortality for both males and females following exposure to high doses of gamma rays; in females, the main difference was a decreased mortality during midlife, between 101 and 450 d. When exposed to 25 cGy acute gamma radiation, male mice of the C57B1 strain had a longer lifespan, 105%; BALB/c mice did not show this response.567 Acute X-ray exposure of female mice at 5 ± 1 weeks of age indicated no change; with exposures of 4, 8, 16, and 32 cGy, the mean survival times were not changed, 103,101,96, and 99% of those of controls, respectively.183 Obviously, these doses were not harmful.
Prostate-specific membrane antigen-directed imaging and radioguided surgery with single-photon emission computed tomography: state of the art and future outlook
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Luca Filippi, Barbara Palumbo, Viviana Frantellizzi, Susanna Nuvoli, Giuseppe De Vincentis, Angela Spanu, Orazio Schillaci
The first experiences on the application of handheld devices for radioactivity detection date back to the ‘40s, when a Geiger-Muller probe was employed to reveal phosphorus-32 (32P) sodium phosphate uptake in skin disorders [27]. To date, several probes are available to detect both gamma (gamma-probes) and beta (beta-probes) emitters. The three main features characterizing a handheld probe are 1) energy resolution, that is the capacity to discriminate between different energies and results of critical importance to distinguish between primary and scattered photons; 2) sensitivity, that is the detected count-rate per unit activity; 3) spatial resolution, that is the ability to locate the emitting source and to separate two neighboring emitting sources from each other.
Gamma irradiation to induce beneficial mutants in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.): an underutilized food crop
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Neethu Francis, Ravikesavan Rajasekaran, Iyanar Krishnamoorthy, Raveendran Muthurajan, Chitdeshwari Thiyagarajan, Senthil Alagarswamy
Mutation breeding offers a viable option for broadening the genetic base and creation of new variation. Among field crops, mutation as a pre-breeding method has been widely used in rice, maize, wheat, barley, soybean, etc. Though mutant varieties have been released in foxtail and finger millet, mutation breeding attempts in proso millet is limited. Varieties like Kharkovskoye, Lipetskoe and Cheget have been documented as developed through mutation breeding, using chemical mutagens, during 1980s and 1990s (Maluszynski et al. 2000). Physical mutagens like gamma, X-rays, thermal neutrons, ion beams, protons, beta and alpha particles are also being utilized in many crops (Suprasanna et al. 2015). Gamma rays are one of the most widely used electro-magnetic radiation due to its high and uniform penetrating capacity (Piri et al. 2011; Oladosu et al. 2016). They cause double strand breaks in the target organism which leads to deletions, insertions, translocation, and duplications in the chromosomes (Mba et al. 2010; Oladosu et al. 2016) and result in increased recombinational frequency. The present study focuses on creation of variation through physical mutagenesis.
Mortality from leukemia, cancer and heart disease among U.S. nuclear power plant workers, 1957–2011
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
John D. Boice, Sarah S. Cohen, Michael T. Mumma, Derek A. Hagemeyer, Heidi Chen, Ashley P. Golden, R. Craig Yoder, Lawrence T. Dauer
Most radiation exposures received by nuclear power plant workers were from penetrating external gamma radiation with only a negligible contribution coming from neutrons or intakes of radioactive material (Bouville et al. 2015; Dauer et al. 2018; NCRP 2018a). Annual personal dose equivalents, Hp(10), were available from the REIRS and Landauer files. Radiation doses from all places of employment were sought by linking the study roster to the Radiation Exposure Monitoring System (REMS) maintained by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (DOE 2021), other DOE dosimetry databases, and U.S. military service dosimetry databases. All doses were combined to create annual dose estimates for each worker following methods previously described (Boice et al. 2006; Ellis, Boice et al. 2018). Overall, the mean cumulative Hp(10) was estimated as 19.5 mSv for all 425,713 workers eligible for the study, 52.6 mSv for the study cohort of 135,193 workers, and 61.3 mSv for the 115,288 workers with cumulative doses >10 mSv (maximum 1.32 Sv).