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Vascular Trauma
Published in James Michael Forsyth, How to Be a Safe Consultant Vascular Surgeon from Day One, 2023
The patient does go for a CT scan. The neck and abdomen are just superficial soft tissue injuries. The right chest shows that he has a moderate haemopneumothorax, but there is no active contrast extravasation. The chest drain is in the right place, and now it is swinging and bubbling and blood is collecting (you measure about 250 ml of blood in the drain and it is not filling very quickly).
A motorcycle accident
Published in Tim French, Terry Wardle, The Problem-Based Learning Workbook, 2022
With the advent of spiral CT scanning, it is tempting to consider scanning every patient to rule out serious injury. However, CT scans are not without risk, and unnecessary exposure of patients to large radiation doses should be avoided.
Understanding the Role of Existing Technology in the Fight Against COVID-19
Published in Ram Shringar Raw, Vishal Jain, Sanjoy Das, Meenakshi Sharma, Pandemic Detection and Analysis Through Smart Computing Technologies, 2022
CT also uses X-ray radiations like X-ray imaging, although the working principle is different in the two cases. In CT scans, cross-sectional images of the body are formed based on the X-ray interaction with the body. As stated earlier, the X-rays penetrate the body to different extent depending on the composition and density of the interacting material. While passing through a medium, all radiations tend to attenuate with distance. The attenuation coefficient defines the amount of radiations absorbed per unit thickness in a medium. The CT scans are constructed based on the measurement of the attenuation coefficients of the X-rays in the body. During a CT scan, the source and the detector are rotated around the body that results in capturing a 3D image of the interior rather than 2D image obtained in X-ray imaging. The image formation is done using complicated mathematical models.
Development of a navigable 3D virtual model of temporal bone anatomy
Published in Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, 2023
A CT or CAT (Computer Axial Tomography) scan, is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging test which uses modified x-ray technology to generate cross-sectional images of the body or a body part from different positions. It involves selective exposure of the patient to radiation. This data is then used to create detailed images of internal organs, bones, soft tissues, and blood vessels. CT scans help identify any tumours, blood clots, fractures, or other abnormalities that are indicative of trauma or any underlying pathology. A narrow X-ray beam circles around and selectively penetrates the part of the body being inspected. Instead of a film, the X-rays are picked up by special detectors, that are located directly opposite to the x-ray source, and transmitted to a computer (Brennan 2010). The computer uses sophisticated mathematical algorithms to assemble 2D cross-sectional images or slices. Recent growth in software technology has enabled us to easily construct 3D volumes from 2D CT images. 3D CT allows simultaneous navigation in all three planes, thereby providing greater flexibility than conventional planar X-rays (Fatterpekar et al. 2006). It is currently used in areas such as trauma, tumours, and craniofacial deformities, to simulate the morphology of body parts.
A Review of Robotic Mitral Valve Surgery
Published in Structural Heart, 2021
Mohanad Hamandi, Lee Hafen, John J. Squiers, Allison T. Lanfear, J. Michael DiMaio, Robert L. Smith
The risk of stroke during retrograde femoral perfusion remains an important concern regarding robotic MV surgery. A recent report from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database showed a 2-fold increase in the incidence of neurologic complications following minimally invasive MV surgery using femoral artery perfusion.16,32 The most likely causes for this finding include retrograde embolization of atheromatous material, placement of a clamp on an atherosclerotic aorta, or embolization of air and debris from the left atrium. Therefore, pre-operative CT scanning is essential for patient selection to identify those at risk of these adverse events so that alternative cannulation strategies or different surgical approaches can be entertained. Despite this legitimate concern, stroke rates after robotic MV surgery do not appear to be increased as compared to those of conventional MV surgery. Several studies have reported a <1% incidence of postoperative stroke, while others have reported a stroke rate between 1% and 2%.9,14–16,21,22,28,29,33,34 Furthermore, in a meta-analysis of propensity-matched studies comparing robotic and conventional MV surgery, similar stroke rates were observed.7
Strangulated internal hernia following severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a case report
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2021
Likun Wei, Yanfang Zhang, Xueru Song
Making an early diagnosis of internal hernia secondary to OHSS is difficult, as highlighted by the present case. First, patients with severe OHSS present with unbearable abdominal pain and vomiting, which are undifferentiable from typical symptoms of surgical acute abdomen. Second, massive intensive ascites in women with OHSS can obscure common abdominal signs of intestinal obstruction (e.g. gastrointestinal type, intestinal peristaltic wave, and hypertonic bowel sounds), rendering the symptoms as atypical. Obvious positive signs are difficult to detect on early physical examination, and the presence of peritonitis often indicates further disease progress. Third, patient confusion regarding the safety of imaging studies (e.g. abdominal CT), especially during the first trimester of pregnancy, can cause the unnecessary avoidance of useful diagnostic information and delay the diagnosis. Finally, unfamiliarity due to the rarity of strangulated intestinal obstruction associated with OHSS in gynecological practice can contribute to a delay in diagnosis.