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Tobacco and health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Cigarettes are paper tubes containing chopped tobacco leaf and fillers. The public health charity Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) (2018a) explain that fillers include other parts of the tobacco plant and a selection from hundreds of additives. Some of the additives extend the shelf life of cigarettes or make cigarette smoke more pleasant to inhale; others produce toxic chemicals when they are burned. Smoking produces mainstream smoke, that which the smoker inhales, and sidestream smoke, that which rises from the tip of a lit cigarette. Sidestream smoke contains higher concentrations of chemicals than mainstream partly because the more porous the paper around a cigarette, the more air is inhaled, thus diluting the inhaled smoke and the chemicals within it. Environmental smoke, or second-hand smoke, is made up of sidestream smoke and exhaled smoke. Smokers, including those who do not inhale, and bystanders, as passive smokers, are all inhaling poisons.
Environmental Inhaled Agents and Their Relation to Lung Cancer
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
It is known that chemical compositions of mainstream and sidestream smoke (constituting 15% and 85% of smoke, respectively, created by smokers in a room) are different (Correa et al., 1983; Fielding, 1985; Royal College of Physicians, 1983; Weiss et al., 1983). Mainstream smoke emerges into the environment after having been drawn through the cigarette, filtered by the smokers’ own lungs, and then exhaled. Sidestream smoke comes directly from the burning end of the cigarette. The two differ in composition, and many potentially carcinogenic constituents such as nitrosamine and 210Po are in higher concentration in sidestream smoke (Weiss et al., 1983; Winters and DiFrenza, 1983). The biological significance of this is unclear, and as sidestream smoke is rapidly diluted in room air, this difference between main and sidestream would become less important. Wynder and Goodman (1983) did raise the possibility that because sidestream smoke with its appreciable amount of gaseous components would penetrate into the peripheral parts of the lung better, passive smoking might cause an increase in peripheral lung tumors, such as adenocarcinoma, which is common among nonsmokers.
Indoor Air Quality
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Anthony C. Campagna, Dhruv Desai
Secondhand smoke is composed of a mixture of both a sidestream smoke, the smoke released from the burning end of a cigarette, and exhaled mainstream smoke, the smoke exhaled by the smoker.6,7 During cigarette burning, there are over 4,000 chemical compounds created which may be toxic and carcinogenic.8,9 The chemical composition (Table 52.1) of both sidestream and mainstream smoke is similar in the number of compounds they contain. However, the concentration and the physicochemical properties of these compounds can vary significantly. Secondhand smoke tends to linger in the local indoor environment about 1.5–2 hours. With its composition of oils and waxes, it may increase both the exposure period and entry into lung tissue and body cells more easily.10 Sidestream smoke composition does not vary significantly by tobacco product brand, but it remains as much as 10 or more times toxic than mainstream smoke.11 Individuals may be exposed to secondhand smoke in homes, cars, the workplace, public places, and recreational settings. In the United States, the source of most secondhand smoke is from cigarettes, followed by pipes, cigars, and other tobacco products.
Smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure: implications in ocular disorders
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2023
Saeed Karimi, Hosein Nouri, Sahar Mahmoudinejad-Azar, Seyed-Hossein Abtahi
An estimated one billion people worldwide smoke tobacco products. Despite the interventions to discourage its use, tobacco smoking remains among the leading causes of morbidity and premature death in many countries; around 6 million deaths yearly are attributed to smoking [1]. The economic burden of smoking-related diseases and morbidity is substantially underestimated [2]. Tobacco smoke contains more than 4,000 substances, including many carcinogenic particles, stimulants, and inflammatory molecules [3]. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is an indoor air pollutant, exposure to which has links to numerous diseases [3]. It consists of a mixture of sidestream smoke and mainstream smoke, which originate from the tip (between the puffs) and the filter end of a cigarette (during the puffs), respectively [3,4]. Sidestream smoke is more carcinogenic and potent in inducing inflammation than mainstream smoke at equivalent mass doses [4].
Analyzing pesticides and metal(loid)s in imported tobacco to Saudi Arabia and risk assessment of inhalation exposure to certain metals
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2022
Mohammed A. Al Mutairi, Hatim A. Al Herbish, Rakan S. Al-Ajmi, Hatim Z. Alhazmi, Reham A. Al-Dhelaan, Abdullah M. Alowaifeer
Tobacco smokers are exposed to mainstream smoke (MSS) and sidestream smoke (SSS), where the MSS is inhaled directly by the smoker, and the SSS involves smoke generated by the burning of the cigarette's tip. The SSS has a higher substance content that could be cancer-causing compared to the MSS (Chiba and Masironi 1992). Thus, exposure to tobacco smoke by second-hand smoking or passive smoking can be related to a high risk of lung cancer and other related health effects in non-smokers (Brownson et al. 2002). Unfortunately, studies have shown that smokers subject themselves to tobacco knowing the health hazards (Kibwage et al. 2019).
The association of smoking and hypertension according to cotinine-verified smoking status in 25,150 Korean adults
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2019
Passive smoke consists of sidestream smoke and mainstream smoke(19). Mainstream smoke is the portion exhaled by smokers and accounts for 15% of total passive smoke. Sidestream smoke is released from the burning tip of a cigarette and accounts for 85% of total passive smoke. Sidestream smoke is especially hazardous to one’s health because this smoke reaches the most distal alveoli in the lungs due to its smaller particle size(21) and contains more harmful compounds than does mainstream smoke(22). Previous studies have shown that passive smoking increases the risk of hypertension(23–25).