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Endothelins in the Lung
Published in Sami I. Said, Proinflammatory and Antiinflammatory Peptides, 2020
Peter J. Henry, Roy G. Goldie, Douglas W. P. Hay
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by bronchial obstruction and airflow limitation. Bronchial obstruction in asthma can result from the combined effects of airway smooth muscle contraction, hypersecretion of mucus, epithelial damage, and desquamation contributing to mucous plug formation, airway wall thickening caused by microvascular leakage and edema formation, airway smooth muscle hyperplasia/hypertrophy, and thickening of the extracellular matrix, including epithelial basement membrane. ET-1 has been implicated in this disease because it mimics many of these features of asthma.
Palliative care and end of life
Published in Claudio F. Donner, Nicolino Ambrosino, Roger S. Goldstein, Pulmonary Rehabilitation, 2020
Michele Vitacca, Nicolino Ambrosino
The World Health Organization (WHO) includes chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) among the four major human chronic diseases accounting for an estimated 7.5 million deaths per year, approximately 14% of annual deaths worldwide. The most frequent diseases include, in descending order, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, tuberculosis, lung infections, asthma, and interstitial lung diseases (1). Total tobacco-attributable deaths including those due to COPD, a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, are projected to rise from 5.4 million in 2005 to 8.3 million in 2030 (2–4). Prevalence and mortality rate are forecasted to increase due to the increasing number of smokers in low-to-middle income countries (4,5).
Telepaediatric support for a field hospital in Chechnya
Published in Richard Wootton, Nivritti G. Patil, Richard E. Scott, Kendall Ho, Telehealth in the Developing World, 2019
Boris A. Kobrinskiy, Vladimir I. Petlakh
During the period of maximum activity (April–June 2002), there were 64 teleconsultations. The most common consultations (23%) were for children with trauma and orthopaedic problems. Other groups had multiple birth defects (six cases) or congenital hip dislocation (three cases). Trauma consultations were required in six cases: three with complicated ankle fractures, two with leg wounds due to mine explosions and one with hip pseudoarthrosis. Teleconsultations in plastic surgery were required for ten patients: three with cleft palate, three with nerve and tendon trauma, three with burn scar contracture, and one with post-traumatic alopecia. Neurosurgeons conducted consultations for two cases of spinal cord hernia, two of cranial hernia and one of severe cranial trauma. Burn surgeons were consulted about three patients with severe burns. There were teleconsultations in medical genetics: two cases of acrocephalosyndactylia, one of Noonan’s syndrome and one of distal acromelia. Cardiologists were consulted about three patients: two with myocarditis and one with rheumatoid arthritis. Two consultations were conducted for children with Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Lung diseases were found in two patients: bilateral pneumonia complicated by pyopneumothorax and a severe case of bronchial asthma. Children with portal hypertension and haemocolitis were consulted by a hepatologist and a gastroenterologist.
Clinical value of procalcitonin-to-albumin ratio for identifying sepsis in neonates with pneumonia
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Tiewei Li, Xiaojuan Li, Zhiwei Zhu, Xinrui Liu, Geng Dong, Zhe Xu, Min Zhang, Ying Zhou, Jianwei Yang, Junmei Yang, Panpan Fang, Xiaoliang Qiao
The neonate’s lung is susceptible to microorganisms infection, which can lead to pneumonia [1,2]. Neonatal pneumonia is infectious lung disease with high morbidity and mortality worldwide [3,4]. The onset of neonatal pneumonia may be within hours of birth and part of a generalized sepsis syndrome. Neonatal sepsis is a severe bloodstream infection associated with a systemic inflammatory response and life-threatening organ system dysfunction [5]. Early recognition of sepsis and early treatment is encouraged by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign Physician’s management guidelines [6]. Recently, blood culture tests are the gold standard for diagnosing neonatal sepsis [7]. However, blood culture tests have a 48–72 h reporting delay and a low positive detection rate of pathogenic microorganisms [7]. Therefore, finding new biomarkers to distinguish sepsis from pneumonia in neonates is critical.
Shaping the future from the small scale: dry powder inhalation of CRISPR-Cas9 lipid nanoparticles for the treatment of lung diseases
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Simone P. Carneiro, Antonietta Greco, Enrica Chiesa, Ida Genta, Olivia M. Merkel
Lung diseases are some of the most lethal and disabling conditions occurring worldwide, resulting from genetic and environmental causes. CRISPR-Cas9 has been defined as one of the most revolutionary and innovative technologies that has opened a new therapeutic era for treating diseases cause by genetic mutations. CRISPR-Cas9 shows several strengths, one of which is its versatility in terms of application, therapeutic functions, and delivery forms and strategies broadly classified into physical, viral-vector, and non-viral vector delivery. In general, physical delivery approaches are difficult to be applied in vivo and viral vectors can potentially trigger pathological conditions. This leads to developing customizable non-viral DSs capable of addressing pharmacokinetic limitations based on the CRISPR-Cas9 form and administration route. In these regards, LNPs have attracted strong attention due to their ability to efficiently encapsulate and protect all three CRISPR-Cas9 forms enhancing and supporting genome editing.
Pulmonary delivery of resveratrol-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes for the prevention of zinc chloride smoke-induced acute lung injury
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Wanmei Wang, Yan Liu, Pan Pan, Yueqi Huang, Ting Chen, Tianyu Yuan, Yulong Ma, Guang Han, Jiahuan Li, Yiguang Jin, Fei Xie
Pulmonary drug delivery is a noninvasive method to deliver drugs to damaged lung tissues or improve systemic absorption from the lung (Walenga & Longest, 2016). The ideal therapeutic way of lung diseases is pulmonary drug delivery, involving asthma (Chandel et al., 2019), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Wallin et al., 2018), pneumonia (Li et al., 2017), ALI (Zhang et al., 2021), and pulmonary fibrosis (Hu et al., 2018). Currently, the major types of pulmonary delivery strategies include pressurized metered-dose inhalers, nebulizers, dry powder inhalers (DPIs), and soft mist inhalers (Peng et al., 2016). DPIs are composed of portable solid powders. The advantages of DPIs include high drug loads, portability, propellant-free, and good stability (Zhang et al., 2020). However, the development of DPI formulations is a challenge for many drugs because of their high-dose needs and improper physicochemical properties.