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Historical perspectives of allergen immunotherapy
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
David Fitzhugh, Sheldon G. Cohen, Richard Evans
Further clinical relevance was provided by Rackemann's classic study, which defined intrinsic asthma [90] as a subset in patients with infective asthma, eosinophilia, and family backgrounds of extrinsic allergic diseases—a disorder later characterized by Cooke as presumptively immunologically mediated [91]. Subsequent studies of treatment programs demonstrated lack of specificity of positive scratch, intracutaneous, and subcutaneous test reactions to bacterial preparations [92], as well as lack of specific or enhanced efficacy of autogenous over stock bacterial vaccines [93]. Although the concept of desensitization or hyposensitization mechanisms as responsible for beneficial effects in infective asthma was put aside, respiratory bacterial vaccines continued to occupy a prominent place in clinical practice. Cooke related respiratory tract infection, especially chronic sinusitis, to asthma, and exacerbations of asthmatic symptoms to incremental overdoses of bacterial vaccine. On the basis of his experiences, he was a strong proponent of immunotherapy with autogenous vaccines as adjuvants for prevention of recurrences after removal of focal infection, particularly from the paranasal sinuses and upper respiratory tract [94].
IgE-mediated (immediate) hypersensitivity
Published in Gabriel Virella, Medical Immunology, 2019
Albert F. Finn, Gabriel Virella
Allergic asthma, by its potential severity and frequency, is one of the more important manifestations of atopy. However, not all cases of asthma are of proven allergic etiology. The differential characteristics of allergic (extrinsic) and nonallergic (intrinsic) asthma are summarized in Table 21.2. The major difference between both is the strong association of allergic asthma with demonstrable clinical allergy to relevant respirable allergens. These airborne allergens are inspired and reach the lower airways, where they cause chronic allergic inflammation.
Respiratory disorders
Published in Angus Clarke, Alex Murray, Julian Sampson, Harper's Practical Genetic Counselling, 2019
The familial tendency for asthma has been recognised for many years, especially in relation to a general atopic sensitivity, including eczema (see Chapter 18). The fact that it is so common makes it difficult to disentangle a clear genetic basis, since relatives from both parental lines are commonly affected, but it is unlikely to follow Mendelian inheritance. The risk of intrinsic asthma, with no atopic tendency, is around 5% for first-degree relatives, but for atopic cases the figures are higher, especially if the risk for any form of atopy is considered. Some studies have shown higher risks if the mother is the affected parent, but this is not sufficiently established to be incorporated into genetic counselling risks.
Investigation of the effect of IFN-γ/TNF-α-treated mesenchymal stem cells on Th9- and Treg cell-related parameters in a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2022
Parvin Nozari, Pejman Mokhtari, Maryam Nemati, Nahid Zainodini, Zahra Taghipour, Fatemeh Asadi, Fatemeh Ayoobi, Abdollah Jafarzadeh
According to the global asthma network, more than 339 million people suffered from asthma in 2016 [4]. Clinically, there are two forms of asthma including allergic (atopic) and non-allergic (intrinsic) asthma [5]. Various environmental factors, especially allergens and respiratory infections (including infections with rhinoviruses and respiratory syncytial virus) increase the risk of asthma. In addition to environmental factors, immunologic factors, genetic predisposition and especially gene-environment interactions perform a major role in the development of asthma [2,6].
A survey of ambulatory-treated asthma and correlation with weather and air pollution conditions within Taiwan during 2001–2010
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2019
Chien-Lung Chan, Dinh-Van Phan, Nan-Ping Yang, Ren-Hao Pan, Chiung-Yi Wu, Chia-Li Chen, Ching-Yen Kuo
Furthermore, asthma patients were classified into 4 categories based on the ICD9-CM code of the first-listed diagnosis from 2001 to 2010. Most asthma cases were unspecified (accounting for 77.47% of cases, ranging from 75.57 to 80.61%). In addition, the numbers of patients in all categories (extrinsic asthma, intrinsic asthma, chronic obstructive asthma, and unspecified asthma) significantly increased, with AAPCs of 11.1% (95% CI: 6.1–16.2), 7.3% (95% CI: 4.5–10.3), 5.9% (95% CI: 4.0–7.8), and 6.2% (95% CI: 3.7–8.8), respectively (Table 2).
New perspectives in bronchial asthma: pathological, immunological alterations, biological targets, and pharmacotherapy
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2020
Deepa S. Mandlik, Satish K. Mandlik
It shows prominent eosinophilic mucosal inflammation, but no external inciter is recognized. It usually develops in adults older than age 35 years. Different environmental situations like cold, humidity, pollution, stress, irritants such as smoke or viral infections (cold, flu and sinus infections) are responsible for causing intrinsic asthma.