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Recent Advances in the Utilization of Bioengineered Plant-Based Nanoparticles
Published in Richard L. K. Glover, Daniel Nyanganyura, Rofhiwa Bridget Mulaudzi, Maluta Steven Mufamadi, Green Synthesis in Nanomedicine and Human Health, 2021
Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olugbenga Samuel Michael, Muhammad Akram, Kadiri Oseni, Olerimi Samson E, Osikemekha Anthony Anani, Wilson Nwankwo, Hina Anwar, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Akinola Samson Olayinka
Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a major health concern around the globe (WHO, 2018a). The WHO recommends two standard drug types for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (i.e., a short- and a long-treatment regimen). The major difference between them is the duration of treatment and the drug combination. Treatment duration of 18–20 months is suggested for the long-treatment regimen while 9–11 months is suggested for the short-treatment regimen. However, in region where drug resistance index to fluoroquinolones or other second-line agents is high, the feasibility of short-term regimen is less likely (Lange et al., 2016).
Management of Spinal Tuberculosis in Young Children
Published in Alaaeldin (Alaa) Azmi Ahmad, Aakash Agarwal, Early-Onset Scoliosis, 2021
S. Rajasekaran, Sri Vijay Anand, Ajoy Prasad Shetty, Rishi Mugesh Kanna
Drug resistance is a major global threat. The prime reasons for the emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis are inadequate and incomplete treatment, poor compliance, and spread of resistant strains. The need for prolonged treatment with second-line ATT, which is costlier, has more adverse effects, a poor success rate, and high mortality. All cases of TB are to be notified, and DST should be done in all feasible cases to diagnose resistant cases early, and all drug resistance cases should be referred to a suitable specialist. Current WHO guidelines recommend a minimum of four drugs to which the child is not exposed, including a fluoroquinolone, an injectable agent (minimum of 4–6 months after culture conversion), and at least two agents from the three remaining second-line anti-TB drug classes, including cycloserine, thioamides, and p-aminosalicylic acid, in an initial phase of at least 6 months, followed by at least three of the most active and best-tolerated drugs in a 12- to 18-month continuation phase. Second-line ATT drugs with dosage and safety profiles are enumerated in Table 8g.3. HIV-infected children who develop TB should be referred to a specialist for concomitant antiretroviral therapy (ART). A careful evaluation for CD4 count, viral load, and the possibility of drug interactions must be taken into account.
Health Care in Prisons *
Published in Andrew Stevens, James Raftery, Jonathan Mant, Sue Simpson, Health Care Needs Assessment, 2018
Tom Marshall, Sue Simpson, Andrew Stevens
Tuberculosis is an important illness for a number of reasons. First, despite being treatable it has a significant mortality. Second, untreated cases may spread the illness to others including prison staff. Indeed, the British Thoracic Society recommends that all new prison staff are screened for tuberculosis.42 Third, treatment is complicated by the requirement that patients take medications for many months. Interrupted courses of treatment may lead to the emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
Linezolid-related adverse effects in the treatment of rifampicin resistant tuberculosis: a retrospective study
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2023
Dan Cui, Xiaomeng Hu, Li Shi, Dongchang Wang, Gang Chen
LZD, as an effective anti-tuberculosis drug, requires long-term use by patients in the clinical settings. As its treatment time increases, various adverse effects may be observed. A retrospective analysis completed by Cox et al. showed that the success rate of LZD in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis reached 67.99%, however the incidence of adverse effects was 61.48% [26]. Huang et al. showed that the incidence of adverse effects in the blood system, nervous system, and gastrointestinal tract of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis using LZD was 32%. 25%, and 6%, respectively [27]. On the contrary, Koh et al. suggested that reducing the daily dose of LZD to 300 mg would not affect the effect of its anti-tuberculosis treatment, and can significantly reduce the incidence of bone marrow suppression and neurological adverse effects [28]. Similarly, Rao et al reported that the adverse effects of LZD, including thrombocytopenia and neuropathy, were less prevalent with lower exposures and shorter treatment durations [29]. Up to now, there is still no consensus regarding the adverse effects caused by LZD treatment.
Anti-tubercular activity and molecular docking studies of indolizine derivatives targeting mycobacterial InhA enzyme
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2021
Katharigatta N. Venugopala, Sandeep Chandrashekharappa, Pran Kishore Deb, Christophe Tratrat, Melendhran Pillay, Deepak Chopra, Nizar A. Al-Shar’i, Wafa Hourani, Lina A. Dahabiyeh, Pobitra Borah, Rahul D. Nagdeve, Susanta K. Nayak, Basavaraj Padmashali, Mohamed A. Morsy, Bandar E. Aldhubiab, Mahesh Attimarad, Anroop B. Nair, Nagaraja Sreeharsha, Michelyne Haroun, Sheena Shashikanth, Viresh Mohanlall, Raghuprasad Mailavaram
Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable infectious disease and a major cause of illness, particularly in low-income countries. It is caused by the opportunistic bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) which primarily attacks the lungs (pulmonary) but may later affect other parts (extra-pulmonary) of the body1. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), TB is considered as one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide, and the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent1. In 2019, TB resulted in nearly 1.4 million deaths, including 208,000 deaths among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients2. HIV-infected patients are 19 times more likely to develop TB than HIV-negative subjects3,4. Several factors have contributed to the continuous health threat of TB globally. This includes the development of drug resistance such as multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)5, and totally drug-resistant tuberculosis (TDR-TB)6; the co-morbidities with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)7,8 and the risks involved in developing diabetes mellitus among TB patients9,10.
Carrier-free combination dry powder inhaler formulation of ethionamide and moxifloxacin for treating drug-resistant tuberculosis
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Mohammad A. M. Momin, Shubhra Sinha, Ian G. Tucker, Shyamal C. Das
Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is an emerging threat to the global tuberculosis control. Globally in 2016, about 600,000 people developed multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and 8,000 people developed extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) [1]. While MDR-TB is the resistance of TB bacteria to the two first-line anti-TB drugs, isoniazid and rifampicin, XDR-TB is defined as the resistance to isoniazid, rifampicin, any fluoroquinolone and at least one of the three second-line injectable drugs (capreomycin, kanamycin, and amikacin), and the total drug-resistant TB is the resistance to all the currently available anti-TB drugs [2]. Suboptimal levels of drugs at the infection site (i.e. lung) is one of the contributing factors of drug-resistance [3–5]. Inappropriate dosing and incorrect delivery route contribute to the suboptimal levels of drug at the target site [6]. The currently recommended treatment regimen for MDR-TB and XDR-TB is a combination of multiple anti-TB drugs administered via oral and parenteral routes for a duration of 20–28 months [7]. The oral and parenteral routes cannot provide adequate amounts of drugs to the poorly vascularized lung lesions, and the success rates of the current lengthy treatment regimen are only 54% (for MDR-TB) and 30% (for XDR-TB) [1]. Pulmonary delivery of drugs directly to the lungs may result in a higher drug concentration in the lungs than those achievable by oral and parenteral routes with the potential to shorten the treatment time and increase the treatment success [8,9].