China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Bronchitis (Chronic)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Cigarette smoking is the number one cause of chronic bronchitis, although smog, dust, and industrial pol lutants also contribute. Chronic bronchitis is a serious, lifelong condition that recurs or never fully resolves. Mortality from COPD has increased steadily over the past three decades. Complications can include breathlessness, pneumonia, pulmonary hypertension, increased ACE levels, respiratory failure, polycythemia, and pneumothorax.
Respiratory
Published in Kristen Davies, Shadaba Ahmed, Core Conditions for Medical and Surgical Finals, 2020
Chronic bronchitis is a disease of the airway and is defined as inflammation of the bronchioles. It leads to goblet cell hyperplasia, chronic inflammation and fibrosis and mucus hypersecretion. Chronic bronchitis can be diagnosed with a cough + sputum on most days for 3 months of 2 successive years
Inherited Differences in Alpha1-Antitrypsin
Published in Stephen D. Litwin, Genetic Determinants of Pulmonary Disease, 2020
Smoking is considered an important contributing factor to the development of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. An effort was therefore made to distinguish to what extent smoking influences the expression of lung disease in deficient individuals [144]. A group of patients with a PiZ phenotype who did not smoke was compared with a group of smoking patients with the same phenotype. In the nonsmoking group there were 30 patients (16 males, 14 females) ranging in age from 20 to 70 years. Eight (27%) had symptoms of chronic bronchitis, and seven of these started to have symptoms after they were 40 years old. The chronic bronchitis seemed related to recurrent episodes of purulent bronchitis in four patients. None had an immunologic defect. Dyspnea was present in 18 patients (60%). The mean age at onset of the dyspnea was 44 years. The earliest onset of dyspnea was at the age of 28 years, whereas in one patient, dyspnea did not appear until 57 years of age. The mean age of onset of dyspnea in this nonsmoking group was 6-10 years later than previously reported [32,145-147] in groups consisting of both smokers and nonsmokers.
Antibiotic use among hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infections: a multicenter, retrospective study from Punjab, Pakistan
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Zia Ul Mustafa, Muhammad Salman, Naeem Aslam, Noman Asif, Khalid Hussain, Naureen Shehzadi, Khezar Hayat
Acute bronchitis is a self-limiting illness that requires only symptomatic and supportive therapy. However, it is one of the common viral infections treated with antibiotics in health-care settings [37]. Viral etiology accounts for more than 90%, and a systematic review related to antibiotic use for acute bronchitis has shown that antibiotics were no more effective in acute bronchitis [38]. In our study, we found that all children suffering from acute bronchitis were prescribed antibiotics. This was in contrast to the study reported in Russia, in which 70% of children diagnosed with acute bronchitis were prescribed antibiotics [39]. Chronic bronchitis was another illness encountered by our study population, and only inhaled antibiotics could be prescribed in this condition. Still, our study revealed that all children were prescribed oral or intravenous antibiotics for chronic bronchitis. Our findings were contrary to an earlier study conducted in the Netherlands, which reported only 40% antibiotic prescription in similar situations [40]. In viral bronchiolitis, antibiotics can only be given in children with bacterial co-infection. In our study, all children diagnosed with bronchiolitis were given antibiotics regardless of the bacterial co-infection or not. Data from the United States showed that only one-fourth of children diagnosed with bronchiolitis were given antibiotics [41].
Assessment and treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder: a guide for the clinician
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
In the fibrosing chronic bronchiolitis, airflow obstruction is caused by increased airflow resistance, either in expiration or inspiration, due to the reduced airway caliber in many small airways, among those remained open, with preserved lung elastic recoil. Therefore, the increased pulmonary air trapping is functional due to earlier and more extensive small airway closure during expiration [16]. The regional time constants are unevenly prolonged and so the distribution of alveolar ventilation is inhomogeneous in the different lung regions leading to low ventilation/perfusion ratios and consequent resting hypoxemia. The hypoxemic and eventually hypercapnic chronic respiratory failure are frequent in these COPD patients. Chronic dyspnea, sometimes wheezing and chronic cough and phlegm if chronic bronchitis coexists, are the main symptoms. Mild-to-moderate arterial pulmonary hypertension may occur and ‘cor pulmonale’ can be observed.
COPD in Biomass exposed nonsmokers: a different phenotype
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
Surinder Jindal, Aditya Jindal
Historically, COPD replaced the initial terminology of CB and emphysema used for chronic airway disease because of the overlapping features between the two conditions which were mostly caused by tobacco smoking [19,20]. Of the two, chronic bronchitis was also described in nonsmoker patients for over 5–6 decades. The disease was in fact recognized in the late 1950s by the presence of an increased occurrence of chronic cor pulmonale among hospitalized patients in Delhi, mostly consisting of nonsmoker Indian women [21]. Almost at the same time, an increased prevalence of CB was reported in a rural community from a hilly region of Nepal [22]. CB in these women was also found to correlate with the number of hours per day spent near the fireplace implying an exposure-disease relationship. Several other surveys from India and other LMIC reported similar findings [6,13,23–26].