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The Cardiovascular System and its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Cardiopulmonary function can be evaluated by measuring blood gasses and pH, and direct measurements during cardiac catheterization can provide even more specific information. Among the determinations used are arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), oxygen tension (PO2), carbon dioxide tension (PCO2), and pH.
Therapeutic Gases for Neurological Disorders
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
R. Rachana, Tanya Gupta, Saumya Yadav, Manisha Singh
Another effective method to use carbon dioxide as a therapeutic gas is therapeutic hypercapnia, as it not only improves the tissue perfusion but also enhances oxygenation (Zhou et al., 2010). It is the increase in arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) by addition of carbon dioxide to inspired gas and has been reported as a new treatment for various diseases, including, lung, intestinal, myocardial, and CNS injuries (Chonghaile et al., 2008; Laffey et al., 2003 and Normura et al., 1994). The levels of increased arterial carbon dioxide tension vary from 50 mmHg to more than 100 mmHg. It has been reported that levels of PaCO2 between 50 and 70 mmHg (mild hypercapnia) protects the brain from hypoxic-ischemic injury while PaCO2 levels > 100 mmHg (severe hypercapnia) are found to be detrimental (Vannucii et al., 1997). This may be due to the impairment of cellular calcium homeostasis or by extra- and intracellular acidification (Akca, 2006). It has been hypothesized that it was due to the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, enhancement of neurotransmitter function, and exertion of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects via mild hypercapnia (Zhou et al., 2010).
The viva: the non-operative clinical practice of neurosurgery
Published in Vivian A. Elwell, Ramez Kirollos, Syed Al-Haddad, Neurosurgery, 2014
Vivian A. Elwell, Ramez Kirollos, Syed Al-Haddad
Autoregulation can be modulated by the following: Sympathetic nervous activity.Renin–angiotensin system.Arterial carbon dioxide tension.
Melatonin attenuates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury through SIRT3 signaling-dependent mitophagy in type 2 diabetic rats
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2023
Zhiqiang Song, Congmin Yan, Yuanbo Zhan, Qiujun Wang, Yina Zhang, Tao Jiang
Lung ischemia-reperfusion model was established as described previously.4,17 Briefly, the rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally, intubated through a tracheostomy and ventilated with a tidal volume of 10 ml/kg, at a positive end-expiratory pressure of 2 cm H2O with 40% oxygen. The respiratory rate of 45–55 breaths/minute was adjusted to maintain arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) at 35 to 45 mmHg. Their right femoral vein and artery were cannulated with 24-gauge catheters for intravenous injection, blood gas analysis, and blood pressure monitoring. The rats underwent a left thoracotomy. The left hilum was injected with 50 IU heparin and clamped with a non-colliding micro clip to induce ischemia for 90 min with the tidal volume was adjusted to 6 ml/kg. The clip was removed for reperfusion and the ventilation was restored to the initial tidal volume with a positive end-expiratory pressure of 2 cm H2O, followed by suturing the thoracic cavity. During the observation period, animals were infused with pentobarbital sodium and rocuronium bromide to maintain stable anesthesia and muscle relaxation. After reperfusion for 4 h reperfusion, the animals were sacrificed. Rats in the sham groups underwent the same procedure except for the left lung hilum occlusion.
Advances in interventional diagnostic bronchoscopy for peripheral pulmonary lesions
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2019
Tsukasa Ishiwata, Alexander Gregor, Terunaga Inage, Kazuhiro Yasufuku
With deeper sedation, adequate ventilatory support is often required. High frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) has been often employed for rigid bronchoscopy. Recently, several institutions have looked to employ HFJV for flexible bronchoscopy as an adjunct for complex bronchoscopic procedures. The advantage of HFJV is that it allows effective gas transport without high airway pressures. Hautmann and colleagues performed interventional flexible bronchoscopy in 161 patients with HFJV using a nylon catheter placed via the nasotracheal route [85]. They showed that the rate of hypoxia (pO2 < 60 mmHg) was very low (3.7%), though hypercapnia frequently occurred. A study by Abedini and colleagues conducted HFJV via the working channel of the bronchoscope in non-intubated patients with oxygen desaturation that did not resolve with nasal oxygen supplementation [86]. They showed a significant improvement in arterial oxygenation and carbon dioxide tension in a case series including 16 patients. This method may be useful during diagnostic bronchoscopy, but more robust comparative studies are needed for characterizing any potential benefit.
Recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax in pregnancy – a case report and review of literature
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2018
Noman Lateef, Mustafa Dawood, Karn Sharma, Abubakar Tauseef, Muhammad Asadullah Munir, Erin Godbout
Physical examination revealed a well-nourished woman with body mass index (BMI) of 36. Her blood pressure was 110/69 mm Hg, heart rate 105 bpm. She was found to be moderately tachypnoeic (respiratory rate 20 breaths per minute) with decreased air entry and had a hyperresonant percussion note over the right hemithorax. Peripheral pulse oximetry indicated normal oxygen saturation on room air. Blood gas analysis confirmed normal arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tension. Chest radiograph revealed right-sided pneumothorax with partial collapse of the right lung (Figure 1).