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The Effect of Anti-Asthmatic Drugs on Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Inflammation
Published in Devendra K. Agrawal, Robert G. Townley, Inflammatory Cells and Mediators in Bronchial Asthma, 2020
The influence of subacute airway inflammation on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in an animal model has been studied and the effect of antiasthmatic inflammation on bronchial inflammation and responsiveness in this rat model subsequently investigated.34 Airway inflammation was induced by exposing the animals to an aerosol of endotoxin. The time course of the changes in airway responsiveness and cellular composition of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was followed.
Pulmonary Immunology
Published in Lourdes R. Laraya-Cuasay, Walter T. Hughes, Interstitial Lung Diseases in Children, 2019
Hemant H. Kesarwala, Thomas J. Fischer
The immunological mechanisms responsible for tissue injury in interstitial lung diseases has been best studied in sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Normally only macrophages and lymphocytes are present in significant numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of normal persons. Normally these cells do not cause tissue injury but in certain chronic lung diseases their numbers are increased and they are present in an activated state and are capable of mediating tissue injury. The presence of neutrophils and eosinophils can also be responsible for pulmonary tissue injury.
Cutaneous Manifestations of Deep Fungal Infections in HIV Disease
Published in Clay J. Cockerell, Antoanella Calame, Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV Disease, 2012
Loebat Kamalpour, Antoanella Calame, Clay J. Cockerell
Definitive diagnosis can be established if the organism is isolated from a clinical specimen. Tissue specimens can often be used for rapid diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis as detection of spherules with endospores from such specimens is pathognomonic60 (64, 65). This technique can also be used on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and sputum specimens.
Decreased peripheral blood memory B cells are associated with the presence of interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis: a case-control study
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2021
Toshiaki Shimizu, Yasuo Nagafuchi, Hiroaki Harada, Yumi Tsuchida, Haruka Tsuchiya, Norio Hanata, Shoko Tateishi, Hiroko Kanda, Shuji Sumitomo, Hirofumi Shoda, Kazuhiko Yamamoto, Keishi Fujio
Intensive treatment with immunosuppressive agents, including cyclophosphamide, improves the prognosis of patients with acute exacerbations of RA-ILD [20], and cyclophosphamide treatment significantly reduces the B cell count in CTD, including RA [21]. Efficacy of both rituximab and abatacept has been shown in ILD-associated RA [22]. Therefore, we also analyzed the T cell subsets of peripheral blood in RA patients with and without ILD. However, we did not observe any statistically significant differences in the frequencies of T cell subsets (data not shown). These results suggest that B cells play a more direct role in ILD-associated RA than do T cells. How memory B cells contribute to ILD is unknown. As mentioned above, some authors have suggested possible roles of local B cells in ILD-associated RA, which might occur due to the migration of SwMB from the peripheral blood to lung tissues in ILD patients. In our study, RA-ILD patients tended to have higher total B cell count. On the other hand, there was a reduction in the frequency of memory B cells in RA-ILD patients. These results suggest that there may be a mechanism that increases B cells in RA-ILD patients and that some of them selectively migrate to the lung tissues. Alternatively, our results may suggest that the decrease in certain B-cell subsets induce upreguration of B cell development to compensate for it. In such situations, analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or lung tissue may be useful.
COVID-19 epidemic: a special focus on diagnosis, complications, and management
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020
Leilei Ai, Liyu Jiang, Zhifei Xu, Hao Yan, Peihua Luo, Qiaojun He
Currently, clinical specimens of COVID-19 mainly include the upper respiratory tract specimens (such as pharyngeal swabs and nasal swabs), lower respiratory tract specimens (such as respiratory tract aspirates, bronchial lavage fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and deep cough sputum), eye conjunctival swabs, stool specimens, anticoagulated blood, serum specimens, and so on. As the viral load can affect the detection results, the best sampling site is bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, followed by nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal swabs, and sputum. The viral load is less in blood, urine, and feces, which is likely to cause false negative results [17]. In clinical practice, it is difficult to obtain bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients, which may cause discomfort or even injury to patients. Therefore, doctors generally choose to perform detection in specimens obtained from nasopharynx, oropharynx, sputum, blood, and feces rather than bronchoalveolar lavage fluid [17,18].
Dioscin attenuates Bleomycin-Induced acute lung injury via inhibiting the inflammatory response in mice
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2019
The mice were randomly divided into four groups (10 mice per group), namely, 1) the Con group (the saline control group), where mice were intratracheally instilled with NS and orally administered with vehicle only; 2) the dioscin group (dioscin control group), where mice were intratracheally instilled with NS and orally administered with dioscin at 80 mg/kg body weight; 3) the BLM group (bleomycin model group), where mice were intratracheally instilled with BLM (5 mg/kg) and orally administered with vehicle only; and 4) the BLM + dioscin group (dioscin-treated group), where mice were intratracheally instilled with BLM (5 mg/kg) and orally administered with dioscin (80 mg/kg). Dioscin or vehicle (0.5% CMC-Na) was orally administered every day for 7 consecutive days. On day 7, mice were sacrificed under anesthesia by exsanguination. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues were collected for the following assays.