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Food Addiction
Published in Hanna Pickard, Serge H. Ahmed, The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy and Science of Addiction, 2019
Ashley Gearhardt, Michelle Joyner, Erica Schulte
Although there is no officially recognized diagnosis of food addiction, the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) is a valid and reliable tool designed to assess addictive-like eating. The YFAS applies the diagnostic criteria for substance-related and addictive disorders (SRAD) from the DSM to the consumption of highly rewarding foods (Gearhardt et al., 2009). The original YFAS was published in 2009 and was based on the DSM-IV substance dependence criteria (Gearhardt et al., 2009). The YFAS assesses seven symptoms of substance dependence (e.g., continued use despite negative consequences, withdrawal, tolerance) and clinically significant impairment or distress. To meet the threshold for YFAS food addiction, individuals need to endorse three or more symptoms in a 12-month period and impairment/distress. Recently, a new version of the YFAS (YFAS 2.0) was released to reflect changes to the SRAD section in DSM-5, including the addition of new symptoms (e.g., craving, interpersonal problems) and a spectrum of diagnostic options that ranges from mild to severe (Gearhardt et al., 2016). The YFAS is available in both adult and children versions and has been translated into a number of different languages (e.g., German, French, Spanish, Turkish) (Meule and Gearhardt, 2014).
Sugar and Fat Addiction
Published in Joan Ifland, Marianne T. Marcus, Harry G. Preuss, Processed Food Addiction: Foundations, Assessment, and Recovery, 2017
Kristen Criscitelli, Nicole M. Avena
Currently, food addiction is not recognized as a clinical diagnosis within the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5); however, it is often measured in the literature with the psychometrically validated Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). Initially, this tool was based on the substance disorder criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, Text Revision as translated to the overconsumption of highly palatable foods. In order to meet the criteria for food addiction, three or more of the seven DSM-IV-TR substance-use disorder (SUD) criteria and evidence of clinically significant impairment must be met. In the DSM 5, significant changes were made to the diagnostic criteria for SUDs and addictive disorders. Substance dependence and abuse categories were collapsed into a single category of “substance related and addictive disorders.” This category is divided into “substance related disorders” and “non-substance related disorders.” Gambling addiction is the only behavioral, non–substance-related disorder added (APA, 2013).
Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Published in David Heber, Zhaoping Li, Primary Care Nutrition, 2017
The Yale Food Addiction Scale was the first tool developed to identify individuals with addictive tendencies toward food. Using a sample of obese adults (aged 25–45 years), and a case-control methodology, this instrument assesses three domains relevant to the characterization of conventional substance dependence disorders: clinical comorbidities, psychological risk factors, and abnormal motivation for the addictive substance (Rogers and Smit 2000). Among subjects surveyed with this instrument, those who met the diagnostic criteria for food addiction had significantly greater comorbidities demonstrated, including binge eating disorder, depression, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, than their age- and weight-matched counterparts. Individuals with food addiction were also more impulsive and displayed greater emotional reactivity than obese controls. They also displayed greater food cravings and the tendency to “self-soothe” with food.
Healthy lifestyle status related to alcohol and food addiction risk among college students: a logistic regression analysis
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Cheong Hoon Kim, Kyung-Ah Kang, Sunhwa Shin
Food addiction was measured with the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS).25 The YFAS has been translated into Korean.26 The scale consists of 25 items. Responses for items 1 to 16 are based on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (“not at all”) to 4 (“every day or above 4 times per week”). Responses for items 17 to 24 are based on a 2-point scale, ranging from 0 (“no”) to 1 (“yes”). For the last item (item 25), participants are asked to select or write down the food that caused a problem. Participants were classified into the food addiction risk group if they had a clinically significant score on item 15 or 16 (a score of 1 on either item) and a symptom count of 3 or above. Others were classified into the non-food addiction risk group. The intrinsic reliability Cronbach's ⍺ of the Korean version of the YFAS was .88.26 In this study, the value was .92.
Proof of Concept for a Mindfulness-Informed Intervention for Eating Disorder Symptoms, Self-Efficacy, and Emotion Regulation among Bariatric Surgery Candidates
Published in Behavioral Medicine, 2022
Ashley N. Felske, Tamara M. Williamson, Joshua A. Rash, Jo Ann Telfer, Kirsti I. Toivonen, Tavis Campbell
The 13-item Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.023 (mYFAS 2.0) was developed from the YFAS 2.0 that measures addictive-like eating behaviors on a scale of 0/never to 7/everyday. The mYFAS 2.0 items align with DSM-5 criteria for substance-related and addictive disorders, with higher scores indicating worse symptom severity. Eleven items make up a continuous symptom subscale score ranging from 0 to 11, which was used for the analyses in this study. With scale developer approval, the instructions were altered such that patients reported symptoms over the last 12 months at T1 and symptoms over the last month only at T2 and T3 (12-week follow up). The mYFAS 2.0 has demonstrated good internal consistency, convergent validity with other measures of disordered/addictive-like eating,56 and discriminant validity from a measure of eating restraint.23,57 In the present study, the mYFAS 2.0 had good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.80 at T1).
Increased deficits in emotion recognition and regulation in children and adolescents with exogenous obesity
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2018
Ipek Percinel, Burcu Ozbaran, Sezen Kose, Damla Goksen Simsek, Sukran Darcan
Two previous studies have evaluated emotional regulation difficulties in obese patients using the DERS. Notably, both of these studies were conducted in adults. Obesity and binge eating disorder were assessed in a study that included 326 adult patients. Emotional eating and emotion regulation difficulties were found to be positively correlated (Gianini et al. 2013). In another study, obese adults with compulsive eating behaviour, similar to addictive behaviour, were assessed using the Yale Food Addiction Scale. The DERS scores of patients meeting the criteria for eating addiction were found to be higher, indicating that these patients experienced emotional regulation difficulties (Ceccarini et al. 2015). No prior study has applied the DERS to study obesity in children and adolescents.