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Lifestyle and Diet
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Food addiction or eating addiction is a type of behavioral addiction that is a compulsive overeating of palatable foods. People with food addictions lose control over their eating behavior and find themselves spending excessive amounts of time involved with food and overeating (142–143). Like addictive drugs, palatable foods trigger good brain chemicals such as the neurotransmitter dopamine. As a result, people keep eating, even when they are not hungry or they know the negative consequences of overeating, such as obesity, diabetes, and CVDs (142). The evidence further suggests that certain foods, particularly processed foods with added sweeteners and fats, demonstrate the greatest addictive potential. Though both behavioral and substance-related factors are implicated in the addiction process, symptoms appear to better fit criteria for substance use disorder than behavioral addiction (143).
Neurodysfunction in Addiction and Overeating as Assessed by Brain Imaging
Published in Joan Ifland, Marianne T. Marcus, Harry G. Preuss, Processed Food Addiction: Foundations, Assessment, and Recovery, 2017
Randall J. Ellis, Michael Michaelides, Gene-Jack Wang
Food addiction can be defined as the compulsive consumption of food despite a lack of hunger or a desire to stop eating (Meule and Gearhardt 2014). Excessive consumption of food can be defined as the consumption of calories beyond the body’s requirement to function. The excess calories may be stored as fat, leading to weight gain and if uninterrupted, to overweight and obesity. Coinciding with public health and epidemiology research on the causes, effects, and strategies for dealing with the epidemic of obesity as well as the growing awareness of eating disorders, recent neuroimaging research is elucidating the neural mechanisms that underlie overeating and can help explain pathologies. Such work has demonstrated that the changes in brain mechanisms occurring in the context of overeating or obesity show significant similarities to the changes that occur in substance abuse and the development of addiction. In general, these studies have demonstrated that obesity/overeating and drug addiction show similar disruptions in the brain’s reward systems.
Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Published in David Heber, Zhaoping Li, Primary Care Nutrition, 2017
The evidence for food addiction as a psychophysiological entity is growing (Davis et al. 2011). Clinical and evolutionary evidence has been combined with animal research and clinical research. While classic drugs of abuse activate similar brain centers as some foods, a major difference is the lack of withdrawal symptoms when the consumption of the addictive food is stopped. Food addiction is fundamentally a behavioral disorder. There is evidence that some people lose control over their food consumption, failing to reduce their intake and continuing to eat foods in the face of known negative consequences. Other aspects of food addiction as an addiction similar to that of drugs require more research, including evidence of tolerance to high-fat sweets and time spent in buying, eating, and recovering from addictive food intake, including how overall nutrition and quality of life are affected by food addiction.
Dopaminergic and other genes related to reward induced overeating, Bulimia, Anorexia Nervosa, and Binge eating
Published in Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development, 2022
Kenneth Blum, Panayotis K. Thanos, Gene -Jack Wang, Abdalla Bowirrat, Luis Llanos Gomez, David Baron, Rehan Jalali, Marjorie C Gondré-Lewis, Mark S Gold
‘Food Addiction’ is a highly controversial subject; Gordon et al. evaluated 52 identified studies (35 articles) to determine if their observations identified the following addiction characteristics as they relate to food: preoccupation, brain reward dysfunction, risky use, social impairment, impaired control, tolerance/withdrawal, chronicity, and relapse. Only quantitative, peer-reviewed, and English language studies were included. Impaired control and brain reward dysfunction were substantiated by the largest number of studies (n = 12 and n = 21, respectively), whereas risky use was supported by the fewest (n = 1). Generally, observations supported food addiction as a unique pattern of behavior that fits the criteria for substance use disorder. The evidence suggested that certain foods, mainly processed foods with added sweeteners and fats, demonstrate the greatest addictive potential [8]. However, there is also an argument concerning the term ‘Food Addiction’ instead of a possible more meaningful term, ‘Eating Addiction’ [9].
Addiction to binge eating among women in psychologically abusive relationships: The moderating role of defense mechanisms
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2021
Orly Yona-Drori, Shirley Ben-Shlomo
This is a 25-item self-report questionnaire that examines behavior involving addictive consumption of high-fat/high-sugar foods (Gearhardt et al., 2013). Women were asked about their eating behavior during the previous 12months. The YFAS criteria were met when three or more “symptoms” and clinically significant signs of impairment or distress were exhibited in the previous year. Scores (i.e. symptom counts) ranged from 0 to 7. Food addiction was diagnosed if at least three symptoms and clinically significant impairment or distress signs (as assessed with two extra items) were present. Internal consistency of the YFAS in the original study was α = .86 (Gearhardt et al., 2009). The current study uses a version of symptom count for the definition of eating addiction. The internal reliability was α = .66.
Healthy lifestyle status related to alcohol and food addiction risk among college students: a logistic regression analysis
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Cheong Hoon Kim, Kyung-Ah Kang, Sunhwa Shin
In addition, several studies have suggested that diets that are high in fats, red meat, fast foods, desserts, and sugars carry a notably higher risk for obesity, heart disease and type 2 diabetes.9 These foods are also highly processed with added fats and/or refined carbohydrates, and may trigger an addiction-like response in college students.10 Food addiction is associated with lifestyle-related disorders such as obesity and binge eating.11 The condition is activated by a metabolic reward system that pursues pleasure behavior as per the individual’s choice and willingness, and threatens health by destroying the system’s homeostasis. This process is similar to alcohol addiction.11