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Remediative approaches for cognitive disorders after TBI
Published in Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda, Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Mark J. Ashley, Rose Leal, Zenobia Mehta, Jessica G. Ashley, Matthew J. Ashley
Short-term or working memory is the ability to retain information in short-term memory and process that information simultaneously. Short-term memory acts as a kind of “scratch pad” for temporary recall of information that is being processed. Short-term memory has a limited capacity. Most individuals are able to hold approximately seven pieces of information in their short-term memory. “Chunking” refers to the ability to organize information or material into shorter meaningful groups to make them more manageable and can lead to an increase in the short-term memory capacity. For example, chunking a phone number into groups of three and four digits is easier than having to remember a string of seven numbers. Examples of working memory include addition or subtraction exercises that involve carrying or borrowing, language translation, and following a sequence of directions. Echoic store, mentioned above, is an example of an auditory working memory task, and iconic store is an example of a visual short-term memory task. Another example of a visual memory task is Memory Span, from the Parrot Software computer program.133 Numbers are displayed on the screen for 3 to 5 seconds and then disappear. The individual is then expected to place those numbers in the same order as they appeared on the screen. The goal for this task is to achieve at least 80% accuracy. Response times vary depending on how many numbers are displayed on the screen. Typically, the target response time is 1 second above the numbers displayed. For example, if working on five numbers, the target response time would be 6 seconds.
Disorders of Sensation, Motion, and Body Schema
Published in Rolland S. Parker, Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
A hierarchy of neural structures associated with movement has been described, extending from the spinal cord—including the hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and other subcortical structures—to the frontal cortex. The corresponding functions range from automatic, reflexive, and instinctual to schemes, programs, and plans of action. It has been suggested that the premotor region and supplementary motor area participate in the representation of actions that are defined by goals and trajectory, while the motor cortex represents the most concrete movements in terms of the direction and muscle groups required to accomplish them. Sequential behavior requires a flow of environmental and neural information involving the interaction of sensory and motor hierarchies. At all hierarchical levels, these interactions are bidirectional and include feed-forward and feedback. This is the neural apparatus by which perception translates into action. For an organized reaction, sensory and motor integration require the binding of the unit through time by working memory and preparatory motor set. This process is supported by the dorsolateral PFC. Working memory contributes to preparation for action by retaining information on which the action is contingent. It is likely that there is interaction between the PFC, the areas representing the information upon which the action is based, the inferotemporal cortex (visual short term memory), and the posterior areas. It is asserted that the dorsolateral PFC accomplishes syntax of an enormous range of actions (orderly arrangement), from sequences of skeletal movement to sequences of logical reasoning (Fuster, 1995).
The Psychiatric Interview
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Essentials of Psychiatric Assessment, 2018
Recent memory can be assessed by: Asking the subject about recent personal activities, such as components of their last meal, how they came to the clinic or hospital, and their last activity preceding the interview.After self-introduction, asking the subject to recall your name.Testing digit span (see p. 119).Having the patient recall a word list composed of five unrelated words that are presented three times, and telling them which words they forgot in the immediate recall phase. Patients are notified that they will be asked to recall these words later. Their immediate spontaneous recall across three trials is recorded. Cued recall of the words is attempted if there is difficulty in spontaneous recall (e.g., horse: animal, apple: fruit).Articulating a semantic message containing five elements to the patient and requesting immediate recall. The message is repeated twice, and the subject is told that they will be asked to recall the story precisely later.Visual short-term memory and visual recognition: the subject is shown a collection of pictures (e.g., pen, cow, coin, window, and rose) and asked to look at the picture for 10 seconds and then removed from sight. The patient is asked to spontaneously remember these pictures, followed by recognition of these pictures from a group of other pictures later on.
Typical Development of Finger Position Sense From Late Childhood to Adolescence
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2023
Jinseok Oh, Arash Mahnan, Jiapeng Xu, Hannah J. Block, Jürgen Konczak
One can raise a similar caveat concerning visuospatial working memory: could perceivers use visual information of the hand prior to occlusion through the device? In other words, could perceptual judgements about finger position relative to the test display (see Figure 1) be based on concurrent proprioceptive as well as remembered visual information? There is research evidence that a drift of perceived finger or joint position in space can be observed in adults (Smeets et al., 2006; Wann & Ibrahim, 1992). Yet, such drifts in perception are not observed when judgments are made only on concurrent proprioceptive information and not based on remembered visual information (Desmurget et al., 2000; Kuling et al., 2016; Rana et al., 2020; Rincon-Gonzalez et al., 2011). Note that the visual display in our study design did not provide visual cues about index finger position during testing. Prior to testing, it took approximately 30 s for a participant to place the hand on the base of the device and to see its position on the tablet. Then the cover was closed, removing any visual information. It took about another 2 min before the actual testing could begin. This 2-min period is longer than the known decay of visual short-term memory, which is between 4 and 9 s (Phillips, 1974; Sligte et al., 2008). Thus, while one cannot fully exclude that remembered visual information about finger position contributed to a participant’s perception of finger position, it seems unlikely that such visually specified information was a major contributor, especially given that the complete testing procedure took about 10 min.
Time-of-day effects on objective and subjective short-term memory task performance
Published in Chronobiology International, 2021
Anna Ceglarek, Magdalena Hubalewska-Mazgaj, Koryna Lewandowska, Barbara Sikora-Wachowicz, Tadeusz Marek, Magdalena Fafrowicz
The participants performed the task based on a DRM paradigm which was modified to short-term memory and MR environment by Atkins and Reuter-Lorenz (2011); this version made use of verbal material. However, as far as memory research is concerned, the non-verbal material is sometimes employed, based on the perceptual similarity of objects (Slotnick and Schacter 2004). This study investigated visual short-term memory requiring the holistic processing of abstract objects. The stimuli entailed holistic processing (i.e. paying attention to general features occurring throughout the whole stimulus – Mottron and Soulières 2013) were created. The participants were asked to remember a memory set consisting of two abstract objects followed by a mask. Then, one object (probe) appeared on the screen and a participant had to determine whether the stimulus was presented in the preceding set (right-hand key for “yes” and left-hand key for “no”). Three possible conditions could be presented: positive (the probe was presented in the preceding set), negative (the probe was not presented at all) or lure (the probe was similar to those presented in the memory set). The similarity was visible at the level of holistic processing, the differentiating elements (in texture, line thickness) occurring throughout the shape of the stimulus. The examples of stimuli are presented in the Supplemental Material (Table S1).
Feasibility and Psychometric Integrity of Mobile Phone-Based Intensive Measurement of Cognition in Older Adults
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2021
Paul W. H. Brewster, Jonathan Rush, Lana Ozen, Rebecca Vendittelli, Scott M. Hofer
The Dot Memory test measures visual short-term memory. Each trial consists of 3 phases: Encoding, distraction, and retrieval. During the encoding phase, the participant is tasked with remembering the locations of three dots on a 5 × 5 grid. After a three-second study period, the grid is removed and there is a brief distraction task. After performing the distraction task for 6 s, an empty grid appears on the screen and participants were prompted to recall the locations of the initially presented dots by tapping the appropriate grid location. Participants completed three trials of this task (encoding, distractor, retrieval), with a 1-s delay between trials. The dependent variable was an error score, with partial credit given based on the deviation of responses from the correct positions on the grid. If all dots were recalled in their correct location the participant received a score of zero. In the case of one or more retrieval errors, Euclidian distance of the location of the incorrect dot to the correct grid is calculated, with higher scores indicating less accurate placement and poorer performance. Figure 3 provides a visual of the task. Sliwinski et al. (2018), in their 14-day burst study with a general adult sample, reported scores on the Dot Memory test had high loadings (−.71) on a latent factor derived from in-person tests of working memory, and showed good discriminant validity. They also reported intraclass correlations (ICCs) of .97 for scores averaged across burst.