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Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome
Published in David Enoch, Basant K. Puri, Hadrian Ball, Uncommon Psychiatric Syndromes, 2020
David Enoch, Basant K. Puri, Hadrian Ball
Baron-Cohen et al. (1994) have suggested that a neuropsychological function referred to as the intention editor is dysfunctional in Tourette syndrome. Channon et al. (1992) reported specific deficits in attention. The intention editor is described as a key mechanism underlying the concept of the will and is said to start to function during early childhood. Further, it is said to be activated whenever there are several intentions all competing in parallel with each other. This function forms a sub-component of the supervisory attentional system (Shallice, 1988) and is mediated by the frontal lobes (Robertson, 1994).
The Oxford digital multiple errands test (OxMET): Validation of a simplified computer tablet based multiple errands test
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2022
Sam S. Webb, Anders Jespersen, Evangeline G. Chiu, Francesca Payne, Romina Basting, Mihaela D. Duta, Nele Demeyere
Executive functioning is a notoriously hard to define cognitive phenomenon (Goldstein et al., 2014), with many theories and models attempting to define what constitutes executive function and how this is linked to the frontal lobes (Gilbert & Burgess, 2008; Luria et al., 1966). One established model is the Supervisory Attentional System (SAS) developed by Norman and Shallice (Norman & Shallice, 1980). In brief, the theory posits that everyday human behaviour is automatic and efficient, except where novelty and difficulty are encountered and behavioural schema are to be updated (Norman & Shallice, 1980). In this case the proposed contention scheduling mechanism chooses a new course of action, and an overarching supervisory control system biases the choice where planning is required (Norman & Shallice, 1980; Van der Linden & Andres, 2001).
A Representational Approach to Executive Function Impairments in Young Adults with Down Syndrome
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2020
Lydie Iralde, Arnaud Roy, Juliette Detroy, Philippe Allain
Despite inconsistencies, a review of recently published studies clearly points to impaired EFs in individuals with DS, which is consistent with neuroimaging data showing cerebral abnormalities in individuals with DS, particularly in the frontal brain regions (e.g., Carducci et al., 2013). However, it also emerged that not much has been examined with regard to the clear theory of EF and its associated assessment instruments. In fact, most of the aforementioned studies have used extensive batteries of EF tests to assess several executive processes (attention, working memory, planning, categorization, shifting, inhibition, etc.), without a clear explanation of the theoretical models to which they refer: Luria’s theory (1966; 1973), the supervisory attentional system framework provided by Norman and Shallice (1986), the fractioned-but-united approach of Miyake et al. (2000), etc.
Effects of serotonin depletion and dopamine depletion on bimodal divided attention
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2020
W. Königschulte, C. Civai, P. Hildebrand, T. J. Gaber, G. R. Fink, F. D. Zepf
There is a plenty of evidence that these circuits, which modulate executive functioning, are under serotonergic as well as dopaminergic influence, and that disturbances thereof are related to psychiatric disorders (Robbins 2005; Boulougouris and Tsaltas 2008). Due to its crucial importance to executive and attentional processing, Shallice considered the PFC as the neural substrate of the ‘supervisory attentional system’ (SAS) in their model of executive functioning of attentional control (Shallice 1982, 2004). The concept of an SAS was also included in the conceptual framework of attentional functioning provided by Zomeren and Brouwer (1994). The model by Zomeren and Brouwer regarding attention distinguishes between the selectivity and intensity of attention and proposed SAS as a modulating and controlling mechanism. Furthermore, the attention aspect of intensity was subdivided into ‘alertness’ and ‘sustained attention’, whereas attention selectivity was subdivided into ‘focused attention’ and ‘divided attention’.