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Psychological Trauma
Published in Aruna Bakhru, Nutrition and Integrative Medicine, 2018
Whatever the source of arousal, a response cycle of intrusive and avoidance symptoms are set in motion by the autonomic nervous system (ANS). ANS dysregulation is a major hallmark of posttraumatic stress. The traumatic battles that were experienced externally have now been recorded internally. These experiences are engraved semantically and somatically by a host of known and as yet undiscovered mechanisms. These include stress hormones that are believed to encode memory, learning, and behavior while an individual is in a particular state of consciousness. This is referred to as state-dependent memory, learning, and behavior (SDMLB), discussed later in more detail.
MRCPsych Paper A1 Mock Examination 3: Answers
Published in Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri, Get Through, 2016
Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger CM Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri
Explanation: The terminology that would best describe the aforementioned would be state-dependent memory loss. State-dependent memory loss means that memory of events occurring while intoxicated is lost when sober but returns on next intoxication. In fragmentary blackouts, there is no clear demarcation of the memory loss, and islets of memory exist within the gaps. Some recovery occurs with time. In en bloc blackouts, there is a clearly demarcated total memory loss, with no recovery of the lost memory over time.
Handbook of hypnotic techniques, vol. 1: favorite methods of master clinicians
Published in American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2021
In this volume’s concluding chapter, Dorothea Thomasen describes an intervention she has aptly named the “U-Assessment and Therapeutic Protocol (UATP)” for treating persistent and concerning symptoms influenced by underlying psychological factors. Initially developed for treating patients suffering from chronic (and not acute) pain conditions including migraine headaches and bruxism, the intervention has been adapted and applied “in every case where state-dependent memory might have an influence on the patient’s symptoms.” After being invited to identify and essentially rank-order troubling symptoms, patients are encouraged to speculate on what it would be like to experience the “opposite” of their identified concerns. In essence, a solution-oriented approach is generated and encouraged by the clinician. While initially appearing somewhat unwieldy, the author provides a clear and concise representation of this intervention through an example transcript. The absence of references as well as suggestions “for further reading” at the conclusion of this chapter was mildly disappointing though certainly did not detract from the pragmatic suggestions provided.
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: A literature review and three case reports
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2018
Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Maria Vinnikova, Anna Nenastieva, Vladislav Alekseyuk
Though HPPD has been well-described and reviewed in the literature, the disorder’s etiology remains unclear. There are no recognized risk factors for HPPD.8 The known neurochemical activity of hallucinogens is poorly correlated with their physiological and cognitive effects.49,50 Currently there is virtually no data on the processes occurring during the latency between drug effect and flashback or on what predisposing vulnerabilities may result in the two types of HPPD.51 The evaluation of proposed etiological models by Holland and Passie52 found that in every case, individuals reporting flashbacks experienced some elements relating to the original experience, i.e. level of arousal, music playing, environmental cues, ingesting the same kind of drug, time of day, and so on. Thus, different etiologies may apply to each specific case. However, for every case, the formative causes of such associations may vary: sensitization effects, trauma and reaction patterns, state-dependent memory, psychophysical vulnerabilities, and so forth.51
Transforming grief into peace: The normal grieving mind—Memory construction, deconstruction, and reconsolidation
Published in American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2021
In grief the overactive mind is fruitlessly looking for familiar markers of state-dependent memory, learning, and behavior that are largely absent and so ripe to be relearned and reset. It is akin to a phantom limb pain or tinnitus as both embody an overactive neuronal response to loss (Flor, Nikolajsen, & Jensen, 2006). Can transcending from grief to peace be stimulated in the context of nature’s heuristics for healing? Can we gently come to understand and appreciate, again and anew, the spirals of growing consciousness and become a better adapted person living in a newly discovered reality and way of being? While “I will never be the same” is true, a new mantra of “I could be better” may harken peace to return.