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Euthanasia
Published in Michele Barletta, Jane Quandt, Rachel Reed, Equine Anesthesia and Pain Management, 2023
Barbiturates or barbituric acid derivatives Pentobarbital 100 mg/kg IV alone or in combination with other agents is the euthanasia method of choice. Due to the large volume required, administration through an intravenous (IV) catheter placed in the jugular vein is recommended. The use of acepromazine, α2 adrenergic receptor agonists and/or opioids may facilitate restraint in fractious patients, but may also prolong the time to loss of consciousness due to effects on cardiac output.
What is implied by the right to suicide?
Published in Govert den Hartogh, What Kind of Death, 2023
So, even when a case in Oregon and a Dutch case are both classified as ‘physician-assisted suicide’, the cases are fundamentally different.32 Pentobarbital and similar lethal pharmaca are not freely available on the market. There are obvious reasons for limiting the access to such drugs: they can be used impulsively, to commit suicides that cannot be regarded to be well-considered, or fully voluntary. In addition, they can be used for killing others. When a patient approaches a doctor in Oregon, the doctor ascertains whether these risks are absent, or minimal, and, if they are, makes the drugs accessible to the patient. That is not really a form of assistance, it is lifting a blockade when the acknowledged rationale for the blockade doesn't apply. In a ‘state of nature’ people would have unlimited access. Then the state comes along, limiting access, for whatever reason. If the state then makes an exception for people who have chosen death without undue pressure and after ample consideration, it only stops interfering with their freedom. It stands out of the way.33
Psychotropic Use during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Pentobarbital is an effective, short-acting barbiturate that is used as a hypnotic and sedative agent, and is typically given orally. Among 250 infants whose mothers took pentobarbital during the first trimester, the frequency of congenital malformations was not increased (Heinonen et al., 1977). Similarly, among more than 50 newborns born to women exposed to pentobarbital during the first trimester of gestation, the frequency of birth defects was no greater than expected (Jick et al., 1981).
Sleep-promoting activity of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) rhizome water extract via GABAA receptors
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Yejin Ahn, Singeun Kim, Chunwoong Park, Jung Eun Kim, Hyung Joo Suh, Kyungae Jo
To measure the sleep latency time and duration, mice were subject to fasting for 24 h and then orally administered with LE. After 30 min, 42 mg/kg pentobarbital was injected intraperitoneally. Sleep latency time was defined as the time from intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital to the loss of the positive reflex, while the recovery time from the loss of the positive reflex was considered as sleep duration. Animals that did not sleep within 15 min of pentobarbital administration were excluded from the experiment (maximally n = 1 per group in the present study). Mice were divided into the following groups (n = 8/group): the negative control (NC) group (saline-administered), positive control (PC) group (benzodiazepine alprazolam, 300 μg/kg) and LE-treated groups (80, 100, 120 and 150 mg/kg).
Insights into the operational model of agonism of receptor dimers
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
In principle, the OMARD is valid for any receptor with two activation sites, regardless of being orthosteric or allosteric, like ligand-gated channels. For example, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and GABAA receptors are pentameric channels having two orthosteric binding sites. The neuronal α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors show biphasic responses to the endogenous neurotransmitter acetylcholine and synthetic agonist NS3573 (1-(5-ethoxypyridin-3-yl)-1,4-diazepane) [45]. The α4β2 nicotinic receptors exist at two stoichiometric compositions, two α and three β subunits (α4)2(β2)3 and two α and three β subunits (α4)3(β2)2. The orthosteric sites of (α4)2(β2)3 receptor are located at the α4-β2 interface and are identical. One of the orthosteric sites of the (α4)3(β2)2 receptor is located at the α4-α4 interface that has a low affinity for nicotinic agonists [46]. Following OMARD, the (α4)3(β2)2 receptor exhibits a biphasic functional response. Similarly, GABAA receptors possess two orthosteric binding sites. The functional response of the β2γ2 variant to GABA is shallow, indicating that the potency of GABA differs between orthosteric sites [47]. By OMARD, the functional response of the α1β3γ2 L GABAA receptors to pentobarbital is bell-shaped, indicating lowering efficacy upon binding of the second molecule of pentobarbital to the receptor [48].
microRNA-26a-5p Prevents Retinal Neuronal Cell Death in Diabetic Mice by Targeting PTEN
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
Rui Shi, Dan-Dan Liu, Ying Cao, Yu-Shun Xue
Mice were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital with a dosage of 45 mg/kg. The eyes were immediately enucleated and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 h, embedded in paraffin, and then cut into 3 μm sections. The tissue sections were then stained with H&E for microscopic evaluation of the retinal structure, followed by systematic morphometric analysis. Images of H&E sections were captured and analyzed with a Case viewer for quantification. Two peripheral and four central regions of the retina were also examined to ensure similar locations of the retina were measured for all eyes. Sections through the posterior eye segment were defined as the central retina, which was located at less than 300 µm from the optic head rim. The remaining sections were considered as the peripheral retina. Precise measurement of retinal thickness and quantification of the RGC number was then conducted to evaluate the retinal neuronal damage. A minimum of six sections (20 µm apart) per retina were imaged and used for quantification studies. These measurements were performed by two of the investigators (DDL and YC) independently.