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Bioscience indications for chronic disease management and neuromedical interventions following traumatic brain injury
Published in Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda, Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Mark J. Ashley, Grace S. Griesbach, David L. Ripley, Matthew J. Ashley
This dual action observed in microglia also applies to some cytokines. This should be taken into consideration particularly when addressing cognitive function after TBI. For example, IL-1β levels and its receptor antagonist are significantly expressed within the hippocampus, a region that is critical to memory.164–166 This, and other cytokines, have been found to modulate synaptic function167,168 and long-term potentiation, a cellular correlate of learning and memory.169–171 Accordingly, IL-1β plays a role in the consolidation of context-dependent memory when its levels are relatively low. In contrast, when IL-1β levels are abnormally increased, hippocampal function is impaired.172,173 Under normal conditions, neurons and microglia are constantly communicating; however, under certain conditions, such as prolonged stress and injury, changes in IL and TNF-α levels can lead to neurophysiological alterations, such as increases of intracellular calcium that will increase cell vulnerability and neurodegeneration.174,175
Effective Learning in Virtual Conferences: The Application of Five Principles of Learning
Published in Journal of European CME, 2022
Eva Hofstädter-Thalmann, Jerome I Rotgans, Noelia Aybar Perez, Jonas Nordquist
The programmes of the 2019 face-to face satellite and the 2021 virtual satellite addressed the five principles of learning as follows. Principle #1: The role of prior knowledge: To activate participant’s prior knowledge the opening of the satellites communicated clear Educational Objectives based on educational gaps identified on the topics presented. Principle #2 and #4: Context-dependent memory and knowledge organisation: To stimulate prior knowledge in the 2019 and 2021 satellite interactive polling questions addressing specific gaps identified were used to activate delegates. Based on the results on the polling questions new content was presented. Principle #3: Elaboration: learning is an active construction of meaning: the impact of new content in the daily clinical setting was discussed in both satellites by expert panel discussions and interactive questions from delegates. Principle #5: Situational interest: At the 2021 satellite interactive patient cases reflecting different clinical situations were used to activate delegates and to increase the stimulus for new data presented.
Using Behavioral Approaches to Assess Memory, Imitation and Motor Performance in Children with Angelman Syndrome: Results of a Pilot Study
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2019
Mouse models of AS have been generated that contain a mutation or a deletion of the maternal Ube-3A gene.37 Due to the availability of these mouse models, it has been possible to closely study AS-specific aspects of learning and memory and identify related abnormalities in synaptic development and function. At a behavioral level, Ube3a mutant mice show deficits in associative learning (conditioned fear response), hippocampal long-term potentiation (which is related to formation of memories), motor performance, and context-dependent memory.38 In fact, it is the loss of hippocampal long-term potentiation that is hypothesized to give rise to learning impairments in individuals with AS.39 Current therapeutic approaches (both pharmacological and non-pharmacological) are geared toward ameliorating symptoms that are associated with AS and optimizing children’s development, by addressing seizures, sleep, motor and health-related problems, communication, learning and self-help skills.17,19,23,34,40–43 Another line of potential therapies aims to restore UBE-3A function by (a) activating the silent copy of the paternal UBE-3A allele; (b) insertion of the UBE-3A gene into neurons; or (c) normalizing pathways that are disrupted by the lack of UBE-3A.3,44 To date, clinical trials to evaluate therapeutic compounds for use in humans with AS have yielded interesting and at times promising results but no major breakthroughs.