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Emotional Health and Stress Management
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Neil Nedly, Francisco E Ramirez
A classic test that has been used in the past to give a numeric value to the stress level is the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Figure 86.1), developed by Holmes and Rahe.33 A value of 200 points or more in one year indicates an increased risk of disease. It can also be used to assign a numeric value of the stress level that an individual is facing. Since not everybody reacts the same way to the different levels of stress, the assessed value is a rather rough indicator of the stress levels.
Emotional wellbeing
Published in Karen Stainsby, Mari Roberts, Develop your Interpersonal and Self-Management Skills, 2018
What are our ‘modern-day tigers’? The Social Readjustment Rating Scale proposes the degree of readjustment required following a life event. Holmes and Rahe made a link between life events and illness. In the two years preceding an illness, 300 or more Life Change Units worth of stressful events had occurred.5 What is interesting is that while many of these ‘life events’ are generally considered unpleasant, some are usually regarded as pleasant, e.g. marriage and Christmas. Conducted in the 1960s, the study reflects the social culture of that time but is still valid today. Table 10.1 lists some of the life events and their effect.
MRCPsych Paper A1 Mock Examination 1: Answers
Published in Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri, Get Through, 2016
Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger CM Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri
Reference and Further Readings:Holmes T.H., Rahe R.H. (1967). The Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11: 213–218; Puri B.K., Treasaden I. (eds) (2010). Psychiatry: An Evidence-Based Text. London: Hodder Arnold, pp. 155–156; Puri B.K., Treasaden I. (eds) 2010: Psychiatry: An Evidence-Based Text. London: Hodder Arnold, pp. 309–318.
Infant iron deficiency, iron supplementation, and psychosocial stress as predictors of neurocognitive development in Chilean adolescents
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Jenalee R. Doom, Sheila Gahagan, Gabriela Caballero, Pamela Encina, Betsy Lozoff
Questionnaires were administered to mothers when their infants were 6–12 months old to assess family-level psychosocial stress. Psychosocial stress was operationalized as a composite variable using the top quartile of risk in 7 categories: maternal depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression scale) [14], home support for child development (Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment Inventory) [15], maternal stress (modified Social Readjustment Rating Scale) [16], father absence, socioeconomic status (modified Graffar Index) [17], and maternal and paternal education. Risk was defined as being equal to or greater than the top quartile defined by the descriptive statistics for each category. Participants in the risk quartile for each category were assigned a score of 1, while those in the three non-risk quartiles were assigned a score of 0. These values were added to create a risk score from 0 to 7. For occasional other missing items, the score was prorated with the non-missing items (using the mean across available items). Participants were given a missing value for the composite if 4 or more items were missing. More details are provided in the supplemental methods.
Stress, locus of control, hope and depression as determinants of quality of life of pregnant women: Croatian Islands' Birth Cohort Study (CRIBS)
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2021
Eva Anđela Delale, Natalija Novokmet, Nives Fuchs, Ivan Dolanc, Rafaela Mrdjen-Hodžić, Deni Karelović, Stipan Janković, Sanja Musić Milanović, Noel Cameron, Saša Missoni
SRRS was originally developed to investigate the relationship between life events, stress and susceptibility to illness (Holmes & Rahe,1967). The adapted SRRS scale was used in the present study, which includes 36 life events that are scored on a 4-point Likert scale according to the level of perceived distress experienced over one’s lifetime (where 0 = did not experience). Possible scores range between 0 and 144, where the total score is the sum of the values for each item. Cronbach’s α was .92.
Frequency and impact of midlife stressors among men and women with physical disability
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2019
Alexandra L. Terrill, Ivan R. Molton
Life stressors were assessed in the supplemental survey at year 5. To assess life stressors, we created a list of common aging- and disability-related events and stressors based on the extant literature. The list of events was based on items from the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS; [35]), a measure of stress that assesses life events (positive and negative) that require some degree of psychological adjustment. For example, death of spouse, retirement, and change in social activities. The SRRS is one of the most widely cited measurement instruments in the stress literature, and in spite of some criticism, the SRRS has been shown to be a robust instrument for identifying potential health related stress outcomes [36]. Based on the literature, we also included stressors that have been commonly described in qualitative work among persons with longstanding medical conditions and disability (e.g., Ref. [37]). These included “changes in mobility” or “increased physical symptoms”. The modified life events assessment was administered at the 5-year supplemental survey. Because research on psychometric properties of life event-type scales has challenged the use of differential weights in the measurement of life events [38], participants were asked to rate how events affected them on a scale of −2 (very negatively affected) to +2 (very positively affected) with 0 indicating they were neither negatively nor positively affected. This strategy was meant to allow for the possibility that events could be evaluated differently by any given individual. All participants were asked to indicate which events had happened to them in the past 2 years, consistent with other life events scales [35], and to rate how the events affected them. The final scale had 30 items (shown in Table 1), including an open-ended “Other” category where participants could add any life stressors not mentioned in the measure.