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Pain
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Central sensitisationNerve injury may cause changes to occur in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.Repetitive C fibre activation → prolonged dorsal horn responseReduction in local inhibition (by GABA and glycine) in the dorsal horn.Increased excitatory synaptic connections.Lowered sensory threshold for pain signalling.Mechanisms leading to enhanced visceral input to the spinal cord level → neuroplastic changes → amplification of the effects of further signals coming from the affected viscusLinked to the phosphorylation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, leading to phenomenon of ‘wind-up’, which may mediate hyperalgesia and allodynia.
Sensory processing
Published in Ajay Sharma, Helen Cockerill, Lucy Sanctuary, Mary Sheridan's From Birth to Five Years, 2021
Ajay Sharma, Helen Cockerill, Lucy Sanctuary
It has been proposed that the neurological sensory threshold (the point at which a sensation activates the nervous system) interacts with the person's self-regulation approach (the way a person reacts to sensations) to create four types of sensory patterns (Table 9).
Muscle Pain and Aging
Published in Robert M. Bennett, The Clinical Neurobiology of Fibromyalgia and Myofascial Pain, 2020
As for electrical stimuli applied to the skin, in old compared to young subjects, some researchers found lower values of perception and tolerance thresholds (17), some reported higher values of sensory thresholds (18), and other groups did not find any significant change with age (19). Likewise, also electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp produced different results in the various studies, sometimes showing a reduced discrimination accuracy of the painful sensation (20) and sometimes the absolute absence of perception changes in old age (21).
Substances and your senses: The sensory patterns of young people within an alcohol and drug treatment service
Published in Substance Abuse, 2021
John Kelly, Pamela Joy Meredith, Michelle Taylor, Amanda Morphett, Hollie Wilson
This study is the first to investigate links between sensory processing patterns and substance use in young people seeking treatment at a specialist outpatient tertiary AOD treatment service. The sensory processing patterns of this group diverged from the normative sample with elevated scores for low registration – meaning they were less likely or slower to respond to stimuli and may be prone to missing information if this was of low intensity or rapidly presented; sensory sensitivity – meaning they were more likely to notice sensory stimuli and less able to filter excessive stimuli and may be prone to feeling discomfort or distraction; and sensation avoiding – meaning they had lower sensory thresholds for noticing stimuli, are easily overwhelmed or irritated and tend to actively avoid environmental stimuli. These atypical results are consistent with those of an adult South African substance-using sample,3 and with multiple studies examining the sensory processing patterns associated with a range of mental and physical health conditions.1,2,9,11,15–20,40,41
The time to develop treatments for diabetic neuropathy
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2021
2.2 QUANTITATIVE SENSORY TESTING: Due to the variability of clinical assessment, in an attempt to better standardize the clinical assessment of sensory function, various quantitative sensory testing (QST) devices have been developed [43,44]. These devices create sensory stimuli and rely on the subject’s response to define sensory thresholds. Many devices have been developed for quantitative sensory testing of vibration, thermal sensation, light touch, and current perception. These measures are necessarily subjective and require quantitation. QST is painless and noninvasive, requires minimal training and is relatively easy to perform. However, the variability is high, requiring a large sample size for confirmatory results [45–47]. There is only a low to moderate correlation with nerve conduction study values, resulting in potential statistical discrepancies in longitudinal studies of agents to treat diabetic neuropathy [48,49].
Immediate effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on the abductor hallucis muscle: A randomized controlled trial
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2020
Kanako Shimoura, Yuichi Nishida, Sachiko Abiko, Yusuke Suzuki, Hala Zeidan, Yu Kajiwara, Keiko Harada, Masataka Tatsumi, Kengo Nakai, Tsubasa Bito, Soyoka Yoshimi, Rika Kawabe, Junpei Yokota, Tomoki Aoyama
All measurements and interventions were performed only on the dominant foot. The intervention time was 20 min (Hamada et al. 2004b). In the NMES group, electrical stimulation was delivered through a low-frequency stimulator ESPURGE (ITO CO., LTD., Saitama, Japan). The stimulator delivered a biphasic, pulsed current with a 20-Hz frequency, 300-μs (Hamada et al., 2004a; Hamada et al. 2004b) pulse duration, 5-s on-time (ramp up: 1 s, hold: 3 s, ramp down: 1 s), and 10-s off-time. Stimulation intensity was defined as the intensity at which muscle contraction was obtained within a range where pain was tolerable. Electrodes of PALS Platinum Φ32 mm in size (Axelgaard, CA., USA) were used. After cleansing the skin with a scrubbing gel and alcohol, the electrodes were attached 1-cm away from the heel to the first metatarsal bone and 2-cm away from the heel to the first electrode (Richard et al. 2011). In the sham group, the electrodes were placed in the same position as the NMES group. However, electrical current was not applied. Participants were informed that the stimulation was below the sensory threshold. Thus, they would not perceive any currents.