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Psychophysical Measurement of Human Oral Experience
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Derek J. Snyder, Linda M. Bartoshuk
Fechner assumed that the jnd was the basic unit of psychological intensity, so he created a suprathreshold scale in which stimulus intensity was described in terms of the number of jnds above absolute threshold. This view prevailed for nearly a century until S. S. Stevens observed that the jnd does not multiply like a proper unit: A 10 jnd stimulus is not twice as intense as a 5 jnd stimulus; it is actually more intense (Stevens 1961), demonstrating that thresholds provide a distorted view of suprathreshold intensity experiences.
Psychoacoustic and Objective Assessment of Hearing
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Josephine Marriage, Marina Salorio-Corbetto
Starting at an easily audible level, the signals are systematically reduced in volume in 10-dB steps until the signal is inaudible. When the patient no longer responds, the signal is increased in steps of 5 dB until the patient responds again. This is a bracketing technique, which is also called the ‘10 dB-down, 5 dB-up technique’. The ‘absolute threshold’ is defined as the lowest sound level that a person responds to on two out of three presentations and it is used to quantify the degree of hearing loss, which can be mild (21–40 dB HL), moderate (41–70 dB HL), severe (71–95 dB HL), or profound (above 95 dB HL). Differences of 10 dB or greater across tests are considered significant.
Psychoacoustic Audiometry
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed, Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
Josephine E. Marriage, Marina Salorio-Corbetto
Absolute threshold: The level at which a person reliably just detects a signal in the absence of any other sounds is referred to as the absolute threshold for that sound. If the sound level were to be increased even slightly, the person would always hear the sound; if the sound level were to be decreased, the sound would be generally inaudible. The absolute threshold is the ‘lowest sound pressure level or vibratory force level at which, under specified conditions, a person gives a predetermined percentage of correct detection responses on repeated trials’.16 In audiology, the absolute threshold is also referred to as the hearing threshold. Measuring the absolute threshold for pure tones at different frequencies is standard practice in clinical settings. This is known as ‘pure-tone audiometry’ (PTA), and it aims to quantify the degree of hearing loss.
The impact of cardiovascular diseases on hearing deterioration: a 13-year follow-up study
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2022
Venla Lohi, Pasi Ohtonen, Martti Sorri, Elina Mäki-Torkko, Samuli Hannula
The threshold changes were greater among men in the younger age group in all frequency ranges and among women in the older age group, which is in line with the study of Lee et al. (2005). In the Baltimore study of ageing (BLSA), Pearson et al. (1995) found that the longitudinal rate of hearing decline was more than twice as rapid in men as in women at most ages and frequencies (Pearson et al. 1995). In contrast, in our study, the gender differences in the rate of threshold change were not significant. Furthermore, the absolute threshold changes in the corresponding age group were greater in our study than in the BLSA. However, the results are not comparable to our study because of the screened population in BLSA (Pearson et al. 1995). Significant but relatively small sex differences were also found in the study of Linssen et al. (2014), in which the hearing deterioration rate was 1.3 dB HL/decade higher in middle-aged men and 1.8 dB HL/decade higher in older men than in women. It has been speculated that menopause could be linked with HI among women (Svedbrant et al. 2015). However, no overall association between menopause and self-reported HI was found after adjusting for age in a larger, prospective study (Curhan et al. 2017).
Inference of the distortion component of hearing impairment from speech recognition by predicting the effect of the attenuation component
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2022
David Hülsmeier, Mareike Buhl, Nina Wardenga, Anna Warzybok, Marc René Schädler, Birger Kollmeier
Nevertheless, the fundamental assumption that the systematic prediction errors mainly represent the supra-threshold distortion component cannot be directly proven since all acoustic measurements are affected by the attenuation and distortion components. Thus, there is no measurement that allows to collect thresholds only affected by the attenuation component (i.e. even pure tone audiometry might be affected by supra-threshold processing deficits). Nonetheless, a study that combines (a) the measurement of the absolute threshold, (b) a supra-threshold measurement (such as tone-in-noise detection, see Schädler et al. 2020a), (c) speech recognition experiments, and (d) a measure of cognitive abilities could clarify if the systematic prediction errors of FADE are an estimate of supra-threshold processing deficits. If this verifies the current approach it would further support a model-driven separation of the attenuation and distortion components.
Peripheral and central auditory function in adults with epilepsy and treated with carbamazepine
Published in Hearing, Balance and Communication, 2019
Sherifa A. Hamed, Amira M. Oseily
All participants underwent basic audiological evaluation that included: initial otoscopic examination, standard pure tone air and bone conduction audiometry (PTA). Pure tone audiometric thresholds were measured at 0.25–8 kHz (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 kHz) and pure average thresholds for the right and left ears were obtained (Interacoustics model AC40, v.1.28, Assens Denmark). Hearing thresholds had been determined in decibel hearing level (dB HL). The examined ears had been defined as normal if no absolute threshold level >20 dB had been measured over the whole frequency range. Threshold shifts in PTA were considered significant if they had at least 10 dB changes in more than two consecutive frequencies, or if a threshold greater than 20 dB had been observed in any audiometric range. Hearing loss had been calculated for each ear separately as the amount of threshold shifts above the standard audiometric zero. Grading of hearing impairment had been adopted into mild, moderate, moderately severe and severe according to Northern and Downs [37] (defined as average threshold between 25–40 dB, 41–55 dB, 56–70 dB and 71–90 dB, respectively). Immittance testing (Amplaid Model 720 immittance bridge, Amplaid, Milan, Italy), low frequency tympanometry (+200 top –400 dapa) and acoustic (stapedius) reflex (Middle Ear Analyzer Interacoustics, Az26, Assens, Denmark) were used to assess middle ear function.