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Psychodiagnostics
Published in Albert A. Kurland, S. Joseph Mulé, Psychiatric Aspects of Opiate Dependence, 2019
Albert A. Kurland, S. Joseph Mulé
Field dependence studies employ the Rod-and-Frame test and represent a neuropsychological measure capable of assessing field dependence and cognitive and perceptual deficits and of differentiating a “state” from a “trait.” In this test, the subject sits in a darkened room and sees only a luminous rod surrounded by a frame. The frame is always tilted 28 degrees right or left, and the subject’s task is to adjust the rod so that it is upright with walls of the room. In so doing, he must resist the distraction of the tilted frame. The test is scored in degrees of deviation of the adjusted rod from true vertical. Other tests employing the same principle are the Body-adjustment test and the Embedded Figures test. The latter, however, is scored in minutes.66,67
Sexual Differentiation of Spatial Functions in Humans
Published in Akira Matsumoto, Sexual Differentiation of the Brain, 2017
Our first follow-up study assessed healthy women at the midluteal and menstrual phases using a repeated measures design.15 Order of testing was carefully counterbalanced and, where possible, alternate but equivalent versions of the tests were given on the two occasions. Besides the original tests of motor function, we included multiple measures of several sexually differentiated cognitive abilities — these included functions that show sex differences in favor of females (e.g., verbal fluency, perceptual speed, articulatory speed and accuracy) and functions that show sex differences in favor of males (spatial abilities). The Rod-and-Frame test was supplemented with a conventional paper-and-pencil measure of spatial visualization, Space Relations, which is part of a standard aptitude test battery used in vocational placement and counseling. A test of figural disembedding, the Hidden Figures test, was included because there were hints from other work16 that this type of spatial function, in which a simple figure must be discriminated when hidden within a more complex visual pattern, may be affected by the menstrual cycle. Thus, our set of spatial measures was diverse, deliberately being chosen to sample more than one type of spatial ability. The results of this study provided further evidence of menstrual cycle variability in spatial function. On initial exposure to the tests, women at the menstrual phase obtained higher scores on the set of spatial measures than women at the midluteal phase. Differences in accuracy between the two phases were small but consistent. Again, motor abilities including verbal articulation were if anything facilitated at higher estrogen and progesterone levels, relative to menses. The study provided modest support for the hypothesis that ovarian hormones can affect spatial functioning, but also had limitations. Notably, because estradiol and progesterone varied in parallel at the two phases of the menstrual cycle we chose to investigate, it was not possible to determine which of the two hormones was most closely associated with the cognitive and motor effects.
Influence of Visual Dependence on Inter-Segmental Coordination during Upright Stance in Cerebral Palsy
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2020
Yawen Yu, Carole A. Tucker, Richard T. Lauer, Emily A. Keshner
Twenty-two individuals with spastic CP with bilateral involvement at GMFCS level I or II (11 females; 31.0 ± 10.5years) and 18 individuals without CP (CONTROL; 7 females; 31.9 ± 11.5years) were enrolled in this study. Subjects with CP were separated into CPVI (CP with visual independence, n = 11) and CPVD (CP with visual dependence, n = 11) groups based on their performance on the Rod and Frame Test (RFT, details in the clinical tests section). Inclusion criteria included: minimum of 20/40 corrected vision; ability to follow instructions; stand independently without assistive devices or support for >2 minutes; >15° of sagittal plane passive motion at ankle. Exclusion criteria were neurological disorders other than CP. No subjects were treated with Baclofen or Botox in the past 3 months. No subjects wore an ankle foot orthosis at the time of participation even in their daily life. Temple University institutional review board approved this study. Informed consent was obtained from subjects older than 18 years and parents of minors with assent from minors.
Visual dependence affects postural sway responses to continuous visual field motion in individuals with cerebral palsy
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2018
Yawen Yu, Richard T. Lauer, Carole A. Tucker, Elizabeth D. Thompson, Emily A. Keshner
A computer-based Rod and Frame Test (RFT) was employed with subjects seated to assess the presence of visual dependence.32,33 Visual independence (VI) was assumed if both the average and standard deviation of the signed angular deviations from 8 trials were within ±4.5°.34 This indicates a correct perception of verticality/horizontality in the absence of visual cues to vertical. In contrast, visual dependence (VD) was assumed when the mean and standard deviation of the signed angular deviations fell outside of this range, which suggested that the perception of verticality and horizontality was influenced by the tilt of the visual frame.34 As a result of this testing, 13 individuals with CP were separated into a visually dependent group (CPVD) and 10 subjects into a visually independent group (CPVI). All of the subjects with typical development were visually independent.
Arabic version of situational characteristic questionnaire for diagnosis of visual vertigo syndrome
Published in Hearing, Balance and Communication, 2018
Hossam Sanyelbhaa Talaat, Asmaa Salah Moaty, Yasmin Abd El Aziz Koura
Correct diagnosis of vestibular disorders is important for choosing the appropriate management programme [8].VV can be diagnosed by rod and frame test and computerized dynamic posturography, but clinician can rely on a quick, simple and subjective questionnaire which is the situational characteristic questionnaire (SCQ) for the diagnosis of VV [9]. The SCQ measures how frequently the symptoms are provoked in environments with visual-vestibular conflict or intense visual motion. The SCQ is effective as its scores were significantly high in patients with VV [9]. The SCQ has been translated into various languages, but not to Arabic, so the SCQ in the current study is translated into Arabic to enrich the battery of vestibular management and improve the management outcome in Egypt and Arabic population.