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Exploratory Factor Analysis
Published in Douglas D. Gunzler, Adam T. Perzynski, Adam C. Carle, Structural Equation Modeling for Health and Medicine, 2021
Douglas D. Gunzler, Adam T. Perzynski, Adam C. Carle
We can use a contemporary research framework as a guide to help interpret the four factor model [5]. Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) uses knowledge about major systems of emotion, cognition, motivation and social behavior [12].
Self-relatedness, psychopathology, and the context: The concept of disease
Published in Gerrit Glas, Person-Centered Care in Psychiatry, 2019
Next, we focused on natural kinds and dysfunctions. They appeared to be the kind of concepts that were originally designed to connect the scientific-explanatory and the clinical-descriptive perspective on psychopathology. In the discussion about natural kinds and dysfunctions, we saw that the prospects for both concepts, in their most strict interpretations, were dim. There is little reason to expect that psychiatric illness behaves like somatic disease and that clinical syndromes can be reduced to essences (natural kinds) or to dysfunctions on a 1:1 basis. We should also be skeptical of the hope that joined efforts in genetics, brain imaging, and epidemiology will lead to new demarcations of disorder. This hope has recently taken shape in the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach to mental illness, briefly mentioned in Chapter 1 (Insel 2013).
Talk About Traits, Not Diagnosis
Published in Scott A. Simpson, Anna K. McDowell, The Clinical Interview, 2019
The relative balance of personality traits constitutes personality.2,3 Certain personality traits are enhanced or de-emphasized in adapting to the stressors of early attachment and environmental influences, but these changes may ultimately become maladaptive later in life.1 Traditional diagnostic dogma suggests that extremes of normal are categorical diagnoses with specific constellations of symptoms and prescribed treatments. However, viewing patients categorically predisposes us to the inherent biases of these diagnoses, rendering us more susceptible to negative countertransference and stereotypes.4 This susceptibility in turn inhibits our ability to see a patient as an individual with unique struggles and psychological dynamics. To counter this shortcoming of traditional psychiatric diagnoses and develop new treatment strategies, the National Institute of Mental Health developed the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), a dimensional framework examining aspects of mental health and pathology along a spectrum as a complement to categorical diagnoses.5Table 35.1 describes some personality dimensions and their conceptualizations in RDoC.
Improving Social Anxiety and Social Responsiveness in Autism Spectrum Disorder through PEERS®
Published in Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2022
Reina S. Factor, Christine T. Moody, Katherine Y. Sung, Elizabeth A. Laugeson
Future work might also examine gender identity, ethnicity and other cultural factors to confirm that social anxiety similarly improves following PEERS® across diverse populations. Additionally, further examination of how PEERS® may confer benefits to other mental health symptomatology beyond social anxiety, such as depression or oppositionality, is warranted. Such investigation would further strengthen the use of social skills interventions to treat mental health problems generally. Another future consideration is to explore the five Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) suggested by the US National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and implicated in intervention work for anxiety and ASD (i.e., cognitive systems, negative valence systems, positive valence systems, systems for social processes, and arousal/regulatory systems; White et al., 2018). This could add another layer to exploring the efficacy of PEERS® and provide precision in determining who is most likely to benefit from this treatment. Examining the impact of PEERS® on mental health symptoms in comparison to other intervention approaches for the ASD population (e.g., traditional CBT, mindfulness-based treatments) would also be a fertile future direction. Additionally, examining outcomes longitudinally would bolster these findings, and might serve as a guidepost in the intervention field for treatments focused on social skills, anxiety, ASD symptoms, and caregiver involvement.
Animal models for the discovery of novel drugs for post-traumatic stress disorder
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
An alternative approach to modeling PTSD is to model specific aspects of the disorder, which can then be translated into targeted treatments. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has developed the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), which provides a framework to guide scientists in developing a better understanding, at multiple levels (e.g., genes to behavior), of human functioning in general [35]. Some of the domains that have been defined and are being evaluated scientifically include negative valence systems, cognitive systems, and arousal/modulatory systems [11]. Importantly, the RDoC does not focus on specific pathological conditions like the DSM does; instead, it covers the range of human behavior from normal to abnormal. Thus, abnormalities in specific systems can be studied and then applied to explicit conditions. In other words, models of PTSD that result in heightened anxiety can be useful for our understanding of that component of the disorder, just as models that result in an exaggerated startle response can lend insight into how that symptom develops and what treatments may be effective in ameliorating it.
Inaugural editorial
Published in International Journal of Mental Health, 2020
Firstly, given certain limitations of current diagnostic criteria systems including the DSM, that may artificially create diagnostic categories, and may exclude culturally sensitive symptoms absent in westernized countries, there have been recent calls for dimensional frameworks for the study of mental health. For example, the National Institute of Mental Health has recently introduced the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative as a transdiagnostic approach to examine dysfunctions that cut across disorders. Similarly, the transdiagnostic network analyses approach to mental disorders that conceptualizes mental disorders as webs of connected symptoms that mutually reinforce each other, has recently received lots of attention. Given its focus on mental health across disorders and across cultures, I hope to make IJMH a central platform to promote research using dimensional approaches as those are conducive to studying mental health in trans-cultural and trans-diagnostic frameworks.