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Chain or functional analysis of suicidal behaviour
Published in Lorraine Bell, Helping People Overcome Suicidal Thoughts, Urges and Behaviour, 2021
So do consider what is reinforcing or maintaining suicidal thoughts and specific suicide-related behaviours (e.g. keeping the means to end one’s life). Reinforcers may be different for thoughts and actions and across individuals. Reinforcers can be responses from others (social reinforcement of suicidal behaviour would usually be in the context of emotionally unstable personality disorder). They can also be physiological, such as an increase in endorphins or reduction in arousal). Please note that what psychologists mean by negative reinforcement and what a lay person may understand to be negative reinforcement are very different.
Suffering and Dysfunction in Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Published in Robert M. Bennett, The Clinical Neurobiology of Fibromyalgia and Myofascial Pain, 2020
Health care providers may inadvertently reinforce patient behavior by their responses. That is, patients learn that their behavior elicits a response from the health care provider, and if the response results in relief of pain, the patients may come to report pain in order to obtain the medication or to avoid physical therapy exercises. Consider what happens when pain medication is prescribed on prn [as needed] basis. The patient must indicate that the pain has increased in order to take the medication. If the medication provides relief, then the attention to and self-rating of pain may be maintained by the anticipated outcome of pain relief. Assume that a patient is being encouraged to exercise to build up his or her physical conditioning. If the patient does engage in the exercise and as a result feels increased pain, he or she may avoid exercise in the future. Increased avoidance of exercise has a reinforcing effect-the patient may avoid increased pain-but there is a consequence, namely, increased physical deconditioning. If a family member observes from the patient's behavior that the patient is having a “bad day” the family member may express concern and provide attention. As a consequence, a patient learns that displaying a particular set of pain behaviors results in attention, sympathy, and support.
Behavior Modification
Published in Eli Ilana, Oral Psychophysiology, 2020
Positive reinforcement provides the individual with pleasant rewards for performance of a requested behavioral pattern. The reinforcers may be naturally occurring and unlearned (e.g., food, water, or sex), but they are most often secondary reinforcers that have acquired their reinforcing properties through repeated associations with pleasant consequences (e.g., praise, attention, etc.).1
Opportunities for ABA intervention in Phelan–McDermid syndrome
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2022
Kate A. Schroeder, Benjamin N. Witts, Michele R. Traub
Similarly, practitioners working primarily with clients diagnosed with ASD may anticipate seeing behavioral improvement within a particular timeframe; clients with PMS may require a longer intervention period to show similar progress, so practitioners should be careful not to discontinue or adjust programming too quickly. Two aspects should be considered: time until progress is seen and size of steps. Those with PMS might require many more sessions, and trials per session, to achieve the same progress as someone diagnosed with ASD. Practitioners might be quick to modify a program as the target could appear ineffective when the program only needed more repetitions. To show progress, break targets into small steps. For example, in a brushing teeth program, create a target for taking the cap off the toothpaste. Then combine response and stimulus prompts for each step (e.g. partial physical prompt, enlarge the toothpaste’s cap with tape, and highlight the cap red) tapering slowly down (e.g. gestural prompt, enlarge the toothpaste’s cap with tape, and highlight the cap red). Due to slow progress, it will be difficult to determine when a program needs to be modified. To help make these determinations, confirm prior to implementation that targets are broken into the smallest steps necessary and thoughtful prompts are arranged. Prior to modifying a program, ensure practitioners are using highly preferred reinforcers and treatment integrity is acceptable.
Correlates of co-occurring eating disorders and substance use disorders: a case for dialectical behavior therapy
Published in Eating Disorders, 2020
Kimberly Claudat, Tiffany A. Brown, Leslie Anderson, Gina Bongiorno, Laura A. Berner, Erin Reilly, Tana Luo, Natalia Orloff, Walter H. Kaye
The present findings that patients with ED-SUD report higher reward sensitivity to highlight the importance of assessing for and addressing temperament in this treatment population. Reward sensitivity may be an underlying mechanism that drives an individual’s substance use and ED behaviors. For instance, substance use and ED behaviors may be highly rewarding in the moment; hence, patients seek the short-term rewards of addictive behaviors despite their long-term, negative consequences. Furthermore, a potential obstacle to abstinence from ED behaviors and substances of abuse is the non-rewarding aspect of abstinence (e.g., physiological discomfort associated with withdrawal, increased emotional discomfort, finding activities less enjoyable). Several skills taught in DBT for SUDs target these barriers. Contingency management strategies to reduce cues and access to substances and behaviors (e.g., Burning Bridges), as well as reinforcement of adaptive behavior, are essential to treatment. Specifically, Community Reinforcement (e.g., mindfully observing positives in relationships when abstinent, generally seeking environments that support and reinforce abstinence), and Abstinence Sampling (committing to shorter periods of sobriety to reach rewarding milestones) focus on the reinforcement of healthy behaviors.
An Evaluation of Operant Behavioural Economics in Functional Communication Training for Severe Problem Behaviour
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2019
Shawn P. Gilroy, Haley L. Ford, R. Justin Boyd, Julia T. O’Connor, Patricia F. Kurtz
Regarding the use of unit price in function-based treatment, this study extended support for using unit price in demand fading. While this concept has been applied to demand for reinforcers maintaining severe behaviour and as an alternative means for schedule thinning, this study extended the literature by using unit price to target costs within the inelastic range of demand for reinforcers.16,18 Demand curve analyses identified prices within the inelastic range of costs and a price point in this range was maintained when demands were increased. When used in this fashion, schedules of reinforcement used in behavioural intervention might be informed by the demand for a specific reinforcer (or reinforcers). Further, clinicians and applied researchers might use this approach to advance towards treatment goals with a priori information regarding how programmed reinforcers might perform in the future. Additionally, knowledge regarding the elasticity of demand may limit the possibility that clinicians and applied researchers unintentionally venture into the range of unit prices where ratio strain and the return of undesired behaviour could be more likely.