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Psychiatric Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
The diagnostic process in psychiatry generally begins with the psychiatric interview. Similar to any other medical interview or the process of taking a medical history, the objective is to gather the information needed for an accurate diagnosis and the determination of effective treatment. Questioning, however, usually takes an open-ended approach, eliciting from the patient those aspects that seem relevant, since the relationship of ideas and events may have some bearing on diagnosis. Included in the interview is a careful history, but the focus is primarily on the psychiatric difficulty and the symptoms it expresses. Care should be taken to avoid many of the medical terms of psychiatry or to use them in the sense that the patient may (mis)understand, since the terminology is broadly used in society with sometimes very different meanings than in medicine.
What is wrong with me? Assessment, diagnosis and the medical model
Published in Rachel Freeth, Brian Thorne, Mike Shooter, Humanising Psychiatry and Mental Health Care, 2017
Rachel Freeth, Brian Thorne, Mike Shooter
Assessment is essentially a process of collecting data, interpreting it and then categorising it. The psychiatric interview assessment attempts to collect two types of data. The first is the patient’s ‘history’. This includes such things as basic demographic data, the story of events and details leading up to the current situation, social circumstances and all other relevant factual information, as recounted by the patient, relatives or other significant parties. The second part is the ‘mental state examination’, which is the process of assessing thoughts, mood, perceptions, cognitive functioning and behaviours, and identifying abnormal mental phenomena such as hallucinations or suicidal thinking. In practice, history taking and mental state examination are overlapping processes. Psychiatrists are trained to use a highly structured framework of questions in an attempt to uncover symptoms and symptom clusters, the latter being a pattern of symptoms occurring together, otherwise known as ‘syndromes’. The psychiatric assessment is also not complete without considering physical pathology and performing necessary physical investigations, e.g. physical examination and blood tests.
MRCPsych Paper A1 Mock Examination 3: Questions
Published in Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri, Get Through, 2016
Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger CM Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri
Psychiatry is the only specialty whose diagnoses are not confirmed by investigations but rests upon history taking. Which of the following statements regarding history taking is the most incorrect? Assessment proforma such as admission sheets which could be found in the case notes of long-stay patients in large mental hospitals is not a good example of psychiatric history taking.Clinical errors often occur because the clinical history itself is inadequate.Continuing history taking is sometimes neglected because the patient is ‘well-known’ to a psychiatrist.History taking should not be a passive process of information collection.The standard schema of psychiatric history taking is a good guide to the structure of the psychiatric interview.
Prevalence, comorbidity, quality of life and use of services of obsessive-compulsive disorder and subthreshold obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the general adult population of Greece
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2019
Petros Skapinakis, Spyridon Politis, Andreas Karampas, Petros Petrikis, Venetsanos Mavreas
We assessed psychiatric symptoms and disorders using the computerised version of a structured psychiatric interview, the revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) (Lewis, Pelosi, Araya, & Dunn, 1992). This has been used in numerous epidemiological studies in several countries (Araya, Rojas, Fritsch, Acuna, & Lewis, 2001; Botega, Pereira, Bio, Garcia, & Zomignani, 1995; Spiers et al., 2016) including Greece (Skapinakis et al., 2011; 2013). The CIS-R examines the presence, severity and duration of 14 psychiatric symptoms, during the past month. A total score on the CIS-R can be calculated by adding up all symptom sections and this has been used in the past as a general psychiatric morbidity dimension (Singleton, Bumpstead, O'Brien, Lee, & Meltzer, 2001; Skapinakis et al., 2013). In addition, further interview questions allow the application of the ICD-10 research diagnostic criteria (World Health Organization, 1993) to diagnose specific psychiatric disorders using specially derived algorithms (Singleton et al., 2001; Skapinakis et al., 2013). Details on the development of the Greek version of the interview are given elsewhere (Skapinakis et al., 2011; 2013). Reliability was very good with an overall Cronbach’s alpha for the whole CIS-R of 0.86. The test-retest reliability of the CIS-R has been found to be 0.84 (Skapinakis et al., 2011).
Genetic association study of CSNK1E gene in bipolar disorder and circadian characteristics
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2018
Kyu Young Lee, Yong Min Ahn, Se Hyun Kim, Hee-Gyoo Kang, Eun-Jeong Joo
Patients with bipolar disorder were recruited from the psychiatric clinics affiliated with the authors. The diagnosis of bipolar disorder was made according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). After reviewing the available medical records, two psychiatrists reached a consensus diagnosis for each patient. Patients with an organic brain lesion or a physical condition that might cause mood symptoms were excluded from the study. We included patients and controls from our previous studies who had completed the Korean version of the Composite Scale of Morningness (CS). Subjects were college students, nurses, firefighters, and public officers. Each subject completed a brief psychiatric interview performed by a psychiatric research nurse who evaluated current and previous psychiatric conditions. Subjects with a lifetime history of a major psychiatric illness and/or brain trauma were excluded. All patients and control subjects were ethnically Korean. Our final analyses included 215 patients with bipolar disorder (161 with bipolar I disorder and 54 with bipolar II disorder) and 773 controls. All subjects understood the purpose of the study and signed a written informed consent form. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Eulji General Hospital and Seoul National University Hospital.
Latent Toxoplasmosis is Associated with Depression and Suicidal Behavior
Published in Archives of Suicide Research, 2022
Ahmed M. Kamal, Amany M. Kamal, Aliaa S. Abd El-Fatah, Mina M. Rizk, Eptesam E. Hassan
All measures were administered by a trained psychiatrist. History of psychiatric disorders or cognitive problems was assessed based on a short psychiatric interview. The 21-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961) was used to assess current depressive symptoms. To be eligible, patients had a score of 21 or more on BDI. Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) (Oquendo, Halberstam, & Mann, 2003) was used for assessment of history of lifetime suicide attempts.