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Management of COVID-19 Rehabilitation Nursing
Published in Wenguang Xia, Xiaolin Huang, Rehabilitation from COVID-19, 2021
Make full use of psychological and social support to help patients develop a positive emotional state to participate in group activities and outdoor sports so that they can realize their social value. Help patients resolve the psychological crisis by applying active psychological defense mechanisms.
ILF Neurofeedback and Alpha-Theta Training in a Multidisciplinary Chronic Pain Program
Published in Hanno W. Kirk, Restoring the Brain, 2020
Evvy J. Shapero, Joshua P. Prager
Steve Fahrion, collaborator with Elmer and Alyce Green in the original research into Alpha-Theta, describes the journey as one of “exploration and discovery,” in contrast to “active coping.”47,48 It is apparent that the sheer unpredictability of these journeys sets them apart from what typically transpires in psychotherapy. And yet, very clearly, subsequent psychotherapy becomes more productive: coping skills are enhanced; defense mechanisms dissipate; and insight is more apparent. The Alpha-Theta experience helps to break down defenses and resistance to therapy, thus allowing talk therapy to reach another dimension of value and insight.
Major Schools of Psychology
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Defense mechanisms are classically defined as automatic psychological processes adopted by the person in response to emotional conflicts and internal or external dangers or stressors. Individuals are usually unaware of these processes as they occur.
Impaired self-awareness and denial of disability in a community sample of people with traumatic brain injury
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Anneke Terneusen, Ieke Winkens, Sanne Smeets, George Prigatano, John Porcerelli, Ray Kamoo, Caroline van Heugten, Rudolf Ponds
The use of defense mechanisms was not in line with our hypotheses. Patients with more severe ISA made more use of the denial defense and less use of the projection defense relative to the other defenses, while DD was not associated with any of the defenses. It is important to note that the process of translating the TAT stories before scoring might have influenced the results. Moreover, denial is scored when patients fail to respond to certain aspects of the pictures [46]. Individuals with high ISA scores simply might not attend to all relevant stimuli or do not perceive them as threatening due to their cognitive impairments. Furthermore, defense mechanisms can be placed on a developmental continuum with denial being the most immature defense, followed by projection and then identification [46]. Since cognitive performance was more compromised in patients with more severe ISA, their ability to use more mature defenses may have been reduced as well. This is in line with the findings of Cramer [46], who found that ‘cognitive weakness’ was one of several behavioral correlates in the use of denial in young adults.
Appreciating the Role of the Unconscious in Situations of Patient Ambivalence
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2022
Michael James Redinger, Razvan Popescu
Let us reconsider a clinical example used in the target article by highlighting the possible role of defense mechanisms in a situation of true patient ambivalence. For background, defense mechanisms are mental tools that protect against unpleasant emotions (Gabbard 2014). They have been traditionally categorized by their perceived level of maturity based on their contribution to psychosocial dysfunction. The classical categorization divides defenses along a spectrum into mature, neurotic, and immature defenses and these defenses are deployed by patients during times of psychological stress, often unconsciously. More mature defenses allow the patient to emotionally process and adapt to stressors without distortion of the situation or internal or external conflict. Less mature defenses are those that share a characteristic inability to acknowledge distress and, as a result of subsequent distortion of self-image or reality, contribute to less effective behavior in response. These defenses are often deployed reflexively and are influenced by unconscious desires, beliefs, and conflicts. Regardless of how psychologically healthy or mature an individual may be, there are times and circumstances during which immature defense mechanisms may be deployed. The appearance of ambivalence will likely be more present when one engages neurotic and/or immature defenses as ambivalence has been psychoanalytically understood as the result of conflict between the conscious will and repressed unconscious desires.
Exploring graphene-based materials’ genotoxicity: inputs of a screening method
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Salma Achawi, Ludovic Huot, Fabrice Nesslany, Jérémie Pourchez, Sophie Simar, Valérie Forest, Bruno Feneon
8-oxo-dG, an oxidized derivative of deoxyguanosine (one of the deoxyribonucleosides composing DNA), can be formed by the attack of ROS on DNA and has been observed after a GO exposure (Gurunathan et al. 2019a, 2019b). When treated with antioxidant (e.g. N-acetylcysteine), cells exposed to GBMs show greatly reduced genotoxicity (Burgum, Clift, Evans, Hondow, Tarat, et al. 2021). GBMs often present carboxyl groups on their surface which can generate free radicals, eventually inducing genotoxicity (Burgum, Clift, Evans, Hondow, Miller, et al. 2021). Other redox-active groups can greatly affect GBMs’s oxidative stress and ROS production (Pieper et al. 2016). GBMs can also induce mitochondria stress which can also lead to increase the cellular ROS production (Jaworski et al. 2019). Moreover, some GBMs can inhibit the antioxidant enzymes (including catalase and superoxide dismutase), which obviously cause an increase in oxidative stress (Deng et al. 2019). In physiological conditions and until a certain point, natural cellular mechanisms will compensate this aggression, explaining why indirect genotoxicity is a thresholded effect. Under a determined threshold, the defense mechanisms are still operational and no adverse effect is actually induced (Kirsch-Volders et al. 2003).