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Epilogue
Published in Stijn Geerinck, Reconstructing Identity After Brain Injury, 2022
Although the consequences of ABI vary greatly from case to case, the chances of a successful adjustment process do not only depend on the nature and extent of the impairments, but also on the response of the survivor and the environment. This is called ‘coping’: the way in which one responds behaviourally, emotionally and cognitively to (stressful) circumstances that require adaptation. Different people have different coping styles and not every style works in each and every situation. After a brain injury, both emotion- and problem-focused coping strategies seem effective and evolve over time. Examples of emotion-focused coping are optimism, encouragement, admittance of grief and acceptance. Problem-focused coping, on the other hand, involves dealing with specific consequences of the ABI, such as fatigue, irritability, memory loss … Less helpful coping styles, by contrast, are, for example, over-optimism, denial, minimisation and avoidance. Moreover, research shows that in the long term, it is especially the coping style that determines the quality of life after the injury, whereas the importance of the objective severity of the impairments decreases with time.
Common psychological issues in gastrointestinal conditions
Published in Simon R. Knowles, Laurie Keefer, Antonina A. Mikocka-Walus, Psychogastroenterology for Adults, 2019
Antonina A. Mikocka-Walus, Catherine Emerson, Lisa Olive, Simon R. Knowles
Based on the work of Lazarus and Folkman [53], coping patterns have commonly been differentiated into either “adaptive” strategies called “problem-focused coping”, or “maladaptive” or “avoidant” strategies termed “emotion-focused coping”. Problem-focused coping can be defined as an adaptive mode of coping that involves actively planning or engaging in a specific behaviour to overcome a problem that causes distress. Alternatively, emotion-focused coping involves attempts to regulate the emotions that occur in response to a stressful event and can be considered active or avoidant [54]. Emotion-focused coping may involve the use of behavioural and/or cognitive strategies such as receiving emotional support from friends and family and positive reframing [55]. While this simplistic dichotomy of coping patterns has been popularised and supported by the research literature, it is not without criticism. For example, adaptive coping can include both problem-focused (engaging in a specific behaviour to overcome a problem) and emotion-focused (e.g., seeking emotional support) strategies and be differentiated from maladaptive coping (e.g., venting, blaming others) [56]. For more details regarding the ways in which coping has been defined and measured, readers are recommended to consult other sources [57, 58].
Psychosocial aspects of infertility and treatment
Published in Elisabeth Hildt, Dietmar Mieth, In Vitro Fertilisation in the 1990s, 2018
Women and men in infertile couples use several ways of both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping at the same time (Schmidt 1996). Problem-focused coping means, for example, seeking information, seeking treatment, or stopping treatment and seeking adoption. Emotion-focused coping means, for example, finding positive aspects of being childless, weeping and grieving, and expressing emotions when talking with others.
Using digital interventions to reduce digitalization-related stress: does it work?
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
Katharina F. Pfaffinger, Julia A. M. Reif, Erika Spieß, Jan Philipp Czakert, Rita Berger
Cognitive restructuring, as a cognitive-behavioural intervention, aims to educate people about the role of their own thoughts and emotions in the stress management process [62]. Cognitive restructuring is based on the assumption that emotions or stress have a cognitive element that can be influenced and changed through cognitive processes. In cognitive restructuring interventions, participants learn about their personal style of thinking (e.g., negative thoughts), how this thinking style affects their behaviour and how they can replace negative or irrational thoughts with positive or rational ones. Cognitive-behavioural intervention approaches go back to Beck [63] and Ellis [64], who suggested therapeutic strategies to change maladaptive cognitions which in turn leads to changes in emotional distress and problematic behaviours [65]. In changing dysfunctional behaviours, cognitive-behavioural interventions target problem-focused coping styles. Often, functional behaviours are trained, and clients are engaged in practising, which makes cognitive-behavioural interventions rather active interventions. Problem-focused coping can be an effective way for dealing with stressful situations especially if stressors are principally controllable by the person affected [1].
Is it reciprocating or self-serving?: Understanding coping strategies for postpartum depression in an online community for Korean mothers
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2022
Hyang-Sook Kim, Mun-Young Chung, Eun Soo Rhee, Youjeong Kim
We coded coping strategy according to the two types we explored in the current study: emotion-focused and problem-focused. The type of social support and coping strategy differs in that the former simply classifies what kinds of social support were shared in the community whereas the latter focuses on how the community users coped with postpartum distress in their life. While problem-focused coping refers to “management of the source of stress,” emotion-focused coping refers to “regulation of stressful emotions” (Vitaliano et al., 1985). Thus, we coded personal experiences with PPD that pertained to practical treatments for PPD symptoms or psychological distress (e.g., regular workouts, me-time, candid discussions with a spouse, realistic ways to relieve stress and alleviate PPD symptoms, and seeking professional help) as “problem-focused.” We coded personal experiences with PPD that pertained to emotional breakdown, self-blaming, regret, and wishing without realistic or explicit solutions to the stress described (e.g., sad mood all day, feelings of complete isolation, or suicidal thoughts) as “emotion-focused.” We coded posts that included indicators of both coping strategies as “both problem-focused and emotion-focused” and simple reactions to other users’ problem-focused or emotion-focused coping strategies (e.g., “that did not work for me,” “thanks for the suggestions!”) as “other.”
Coping strategies of family caregivers in spinal cord injury: a qualitative study
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Claudia Zanini, Maddalena Fiordelli, Julia Amann, Mirjam Brach, Armin Gemperli, Sara Rubinelli
Our analysis also adds to the literature about coping strategies by providing an insight into the preconditions to the mobilization of these coping strategies. Indeed, our findings suggest that caregivers need, first, to gain awareness of their situation, of the requirements of the caregiver role and of their own resources. Besides these self-examination skills, in order to apply the problem-focused coping strategies, the caregivers also have to be able to voice their needs, negotiate solutions with the care recipient or identify the adequate interlocutor or source of support. The literature on caregivers’ skills primarily focuses on those that caregivers need to perform their daily tasks and contribute to the management of the health condition (e.g., skills to assess and manage patient symptoms) [58–61], but do not involve the skills (e.g., self-examination) that they need to adopt these coping strategies.