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Is There a Causal Link Between Childhood Gender Nonconformity and Adult Homosexuality?
Published in Robin M. Mathy, Jack Drescher, Childhood Gender Nonconformity and the Development of Adult Homosexuality, 2020
In other words, generalized physiological arousal, regardless of its source or affective tone, can subsequently be experienced cognitively, emotionally, and physiologically as erotic desire. At that point, it is erotic desire. The EBE claim, then, is that an individual’s protracted and sustained experience of feeling different from same- or opposite-sex peers throughout childhood and adolescence produces a correspondingly sustained physiological arousal that gets eroticized when the maturational, cognitive, and situational factors coalesce to provide the critical defining moment.
Caffeine and fatigue
Published in B.S. Gupta, Uma Gupta, Caffeine and Behavior, 2020
An aspect of fatigue induced by exercise is that it may trigger changes similar to stress, such as increased blood pressure, heart, and respiratory rate, and sweating, and at the behavioral level, more agitation, tension, rivalry, or even aggression. The crucial factor in these changes seems to be the level of fitness. Highly trained, aerobically fit subjects are characterized in rest by a low cardiorespiratory activity, lowered muscle tonus, and a high cardiovascular reactivity, while unfit subjects show mostly the opposite. Due to these differences unfit people react to intensive or enduring physical exercise with long-lasting changes in the before-mentioned physiological parameters. Such changes are indicative of increased physiological arousal. So rather than lowered levels of those physiological parameters, unfit subjects during and after exercise can be described physiologically as being highly activated, restless, and fully awake. Hence, when performing on identical physical performance task, untrained, unfit subjects, due to the evoked higher arousal level, will profit less from caffeine than well-trained subjects.68,75,76 Caffeine will help trained people more than untrained people to sustain performance by its greater capacity to compensate low arousal.
MRCPsych Paper A1 Mock Examination 2: Answers
Published in Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri, Get Through, 2016
Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger CM Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri
Explanation: Schizophrenic patients are more likely to relapse if they have been discharged back to their families in which their relatives displayed highly critical comments and over-involvement. Changes in physiological arousal might account for this. This is especially so for families with highly expressed emotions for more than 33 hours per week. Previously, it was also found that schizophrenics had experienced more independent life events in the 3 weeks prior to the onset of a relapse as compared to controls.
Self-efficacy training as an adjunct to exercise in a person with progressive multiple sclerosis: a case report
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Heather Eustis, Prudence Plummer
Self-efficacy is the extent or strength of one’s belief in one’s own ability to complete tasks and reach goals (Bandura, 2004). There are four categories of experience proposed to make up an individual’s level of self-efficacy: 1) enactive mastery; 2) vicarious experience; 3) verbal persuasion; and 4) physiological arousal (Bandura, 2004; Gist, Mitchell, and Mitchell, 1992; Lee, Arthur, and Avis, 2008). These sources of experience represent the information and feedback a person obtains from performing a task (Lee, Arthur, and Avis, 2008). High self-efficacy translates into higher goal setting and compliance in reaching that goal with the opposite being true for someone with low self-efficacy (Bandura, 2004). Among persons with MS, self-efficacy to exercise and overcome disease-related barriers is important for initiating and maintaining physical activity (Motl et al., 2009). Indeed, studies have demonstrated that persons with MS with higher levels of self-efficacy to engage in health promoting activities, such as exercise, demonstrate better QOL and increase physical activity participation when compared to those with low self-efficacy to engage in these activities (Ennis et al., 2006; Motl et al., 2011). Further, those with more progressive forms of MS demonstrate lower self-efficacy than those with RRMS (Fraser and Polito, 2007).
Mild-to-moderate schizotypal traits relate to physiological arousal from social stress
Published in Stress, 2021
Preethi Premkumar, Prasad Alahakoon, Madelaine Smith, Veena Kumari, Diviesh Babu, Joshua Baker
HR is another measure of physiological arousal. Evidence suggests that HR increases under social stress along the psychosis continuum. Increased HR during the TSST is greater-than-normal in patients with psychosis (Lange et al., 2017). However, the increased HR during the TSST seen in individuals at risk for psychosis is comparable to that of healthy individuals (Pruessner et al. 2013). People at risk for psychosis have greater HR than health controls after listening to criticism (Weintraub et al., 2019), suggesting that elevated HR depends on the social context in at-risk individuals. No study to our knowledge has measured HR in people with schizotypal traits during social stress. Walter et al. (2018) did not measure HR or SCR during the TSST in individuals with high schizotypal traits. When experiencing other forms of threat, such as imagining alien abduction, people with high schizotypal traits elicit greater-than-normal HR and SCR (Mcnally et al., 2004). Greater positive schizotypy relates to greater HR while viewing aversive pictures and films (Karcher & Glenn, 2012; Phillips & Seidman, 2008). Hence, people with high schizotypal traits and at-risk mental states may have elevated HR from perceiving social threat when imagining paranormal scenes, viewing aversive scenes, and listening to criticism.
Lifestyle balance, restful and strenuous occupations, and physiological activation
Published in Journal of Occupational Science, 2020
Raymond Hernandez, Alaina Vidmar, Elizabeth A. Pyatak
Alternatively, an occupation-based explanation for the physiological pattern is excess engagement in strenuous occupations and associated excessive spending of physiological activation. In this context, the reason for the multiple activations of the stress response on the profile is excess engagement in occupations that elicit the stress response. For instance, an individual who has a demanding job, takes care of young children, and coaches a basketball team after work hours is likely to display a physiological response graph with frequent stress ‘hits’. Another major contributor to the frequency of stressful occupational exposure may be the demands of chronic conditions. For example, some individuals with type 1 diabetes may be forced to regularly engage in repetitive self-management behaviors they find stressful, such as checking their blood sugar multiple times per day and frequently administering insulin. The physiological arousal might be due to a combination of physical, mental, and psychological factors, but occurs within the context of stress inducing occupations.