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Tinnitus and Hyperacusis
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Tinnitus is defined as the conscious perception of an auditory sensation in the absence of a corresponding external stimulus. Most tinnitus comprises simple sounds like whistling, buzzing, humming, or ringing, but more complex sounds such as distant voices or even music are occasionally reported. Somatosensory tinnitus is a subtype in which the percept can be altered by physical contact or movement, particularly of the cervical spine or jaw. Some tinnitus has a rhythmical nature, which may be synchronous with the heartbeat in which case it is defined as pulsatile tinnitus (Table 15.1) and a vascular origin is likely. Pulse-asynchronous rhythmical tinnitus may have an underlying muscular origin, arising from myoclonus of palatal or intratympanic muscles. Most tinnitus is subjective in that it can only be detected by the affected person. Occasionally, particularly with some types of rhythmical tinnitus, it is possible for others to hear a sound and in this case the tinnitus is objective. Disorders of sound tolerance are subdivided: hyperacusis is dislike of all sounds above a certain intensity; misophonia is dislike of particular sounds, irrespective of the level of those sounds; and phonophobia is fear of particular sounds. Confusingly, hyperacusis is also used as an umbrella term for all disorders of sound tolerance.
Tinnitus and Hyperacusis
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed, Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
As discussed under ‘Definitions and classification’ above, the term misophonia was created in 2001 to define a group of patients who dislike particular sounds irrespective of the level of the sound.250,251 The neologism literally means strong dislike or hatred of sound. Within the classification system, phonophobia was retained as a subsection of misophonia when fear is the dominant evoked emotion.
Tension-type headache: diagnosis and treatment
Published in Stephen D. Silberstein, Richard B. Upton, Peter J. Goadsby, Headache in Clinical Practice, 2018
Stephen D. Silberstein, Richard B. Upton, Peter J. Goadsby
Some patients may have tender spots and sharply localized nodules in the pericranial or cervical muscles that can be detected by manual palpation of the pericranial and neck muscles. In general, ETTH sufferers, whether or not they are having a headache, have more muscle tenderness than do headache-free controls.17 Most patients have no associated symptoms, but some report slight photophobia, phonophobia, or nausea.8 Lack of sleep is a common precipitating factor, with TTH occurring in 39% of healthy volunteers after sleep deprivation.18 TTH subjects have more problems sleeping than do migraineurs or non-headache controls.19–20 TTH is subdivided by the IHS up to the fourth digit code to indicate possible causative factors. This empiric subdivision is useful mainly for research purposes. For example, coexistence of oromandibular dys-function and headache is frequent but could be due to chance. The prevalence of oromandibular dysfunction does not differ between subjects with frequent TTH, migraineurs, and headache-free persons.21 Psychological and psychiatric causative factors, defined according to the DSM-IV criteria, could be the result, rather than the cause, of recurrent pain. In fact, a prospective population-based study showed that moderate to severe nonmigrainous headache is a risk factor for depression.22
A Delphi survey to determine a definition and description of hyperacusis by clinician consensus
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2021
Bethany Adams, Magdalena Sereda, Amanda Casey, Peter Byrom, David Stockdale, Derek J. Hoare
Hyperacusis is sometimes conflated with other hearing disorders such as phonophobia or misophonia. Phonophobia (originating from Greek words of “sound” and “fear”) is an anxiety disorder, which is characterised as being an unwarranted and persistent fear of sound (Mathisen 1969). Misophonia involves the experience of intense emotional reactions to sounds (Taylor 2017; Potgieter et al. 2019), and often presents with adverse reactions to specific patterns of sounds, or sounds presented in certain situations. Thus, although separate conditions, misophonia, phonophobia, and hyperacusis are not considered to be mutually exclusive. Indeed, Jastreboff and Jastreboff (2000) used decreased sound tolerance (DST) as an umbrella term to describe multiple disorders that affect the perception of sound, including hyperacusis and misophonia. They described DST as being present when a person displays negative reactions to sounds that would not cause such reaction in the average listener. Jastreboff and Jastreboff (2000) categorised phonophobia as a subtype of misophonia, rather than an independent condition. Tyler et al. (2014) also suggested that phonophobia and misophonia were different characteristics of hyperacusis, having proposed that hyperacusis should be subcategorised as loudness, annoyance (also considered as misophonia), fear (also considered as phonophobia) and pain hyperacusis.
Phonophobia and migraine features in patients with definite meniere’s disease: Pentad or triad/tetrad?
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2020
Alia Saberi, Shadman Nemati, Tina Taherzadeh Amlashi, Sepehr Tohidi, Fataneh Bakhshi
In the univariate analysis, the presence of migraine headache (p = .023) and the involved ear in MD (p = .022) were significantly correlated with photophobia. However, in multivariate analysis these two variables (p < .2) entered in the regression model and the presence of migraine headache was the only remained variable as the determining factor for photophobia in MD (OR = 6.80; 95% CI: 1.28–35.71). In addition, there was a significant relationship between migraine (p = .048) and age (p = .027) with osmophobia in the univariate analysis, but in multivariate analysis, only age remained as determining variable for presence of osmophobia in MD (p = .022, OR = 1.091, 95% CI: 1.012–1.175). Finally, in the univariate analysis there was only a significant correlation between phonophobia and the involved ear in MD (p = .019), but in multivariate analysis of the variables [involved ear, headache (p = .064) and aural fullness (p = .068)], none had effect on presence of phonophobia (Table 3). This means that phonophobia may be an independent symptom in MD patients.
First emerging objective experimental evidence of hearing impairment following subarachnoid haemorrhage; Felix culpa, phonophobia, and elucidation of the role of trigeminal ganglion
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2019
Metin Celiker, Ayhan Kanat, Mehmet Dumlu Aydin, Dogukan Ozdemir, Nazan Aydin, Coskun Yolas, Muhammed Calik, Halil Olgun Peker
The trigeminal nerves are the largest and most complex of the 12 cranial nerves. It is the principal sensory nerve to the tympanic membrane, motor nerve of the tensor tympani muscle. The otological symptoms may occur after SAH, however, there is no article on the phonophobia following SAH. Phonophobia is defined as a persistent, abnormal and unwarranted fear of sound. In addition, basic principles of hyperacusia has been known, the mechanism of phonophobia following SAH has not been studied. We aimed to investigate if there is any relationship between the phonophobia and trigeminal ganglion (TGG) neuron density in SAH.