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Techniques for inducing stress
Published in Philip N. Murphy, The Routledge International Handbook of Psychobiology, 2018
Mark A. Wetherell, Olivia Craw, Michael A. Smith
The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT; Gronwall, 1989), a paradigm originally developed as an experimental tool to examine the role of immediate memory and attention, is one such effortful task (Mathias et al., 2004). The task requires participants to attend to the auditory presentation of a series of single-digit numbers, where the last two digits must be summed. Participants are required to respond with the answer prior to the presentation of the next two digits for a response to be scored as correct (and are thus under time pressure). The PASAT assesses attention and information capacity as well as mathematical ability, and has been used to assess attentional deficits among patients with traumatic brain injury (Brooks, 1999). However, as an assessment tool, participants often reported the task to be unpleasant, prompting studies that explored the effect of the task on mood and autonomic arousal. The task induces negative mood (e.g. Holdwick & Wingenfeld, 1999) and typically elicits significant increases in heart rate and blood pressure (Mathias et al., 2004), demonstrating activation of the SAM axis. Other techniques involve variations around the mental arithmetic theme, for example, serial subtraction which involves the subtraction of a number, typically thirteen or seventeen, from a four-digit number; each response is given verbally and, if correct, another subtraction is required from the new total. Like the PASAT, serial subtraction is accompanied by increases in self-reported anxiety and SAM activity (e.g. Noto et al., 2005).
Post-traumatic headache
Published in Stephen D. Silberstein, Richard B. Upton, Peter J. Goadsby, Headache in Clinical Practice, 2018
Stephen D. Silberstein, Richard B. Upton, Peter J. Goadsby
The paced auditory serial addition test is a widely used test of information processing that is often abnormal shortly after head injury. Patients are presented with a random series of digits at intervals of either 1–2 to 2–4 seconds (same interval for entire test), and are asked to add the most recently presented number to the one before. The score is expressed as the percentage correct at each rate or as the mean correct response per second. It has been given serially over 8 weeks postinjury and demonstrates cognitive recovery to normal. Paced auditory serial addition test recovery, however, was delayed in head injury patients with post-traumatic syndrome compared with a nonpost-traumatic syndrome control group.31
Blunted Pain Modulation Response to Induced Stress in Women with Fibromyalgia with and without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comorbidity: New Evidence of Hypo-Reactivity to Stress in Fibromyalgia?
Published in Behavioral Medicine, 2021
A. López-López, B. Matías-Pompa, J. Fernández-Carnero, A. Gil-Martínez, M. Alonso-Fernández, J. L. Alonso Pérez, J. L. González Gutierrez
To induce stress, we employed a modified version of TSST. Thus, while in the arithmetic task of the original version of the TSST subjects are asked to sequentially subtract the number 13 from 1.022, in the present study this was replaced by the Pace Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT)33 in order to eliminate bias resulting from their exposure to a subtracting task in a previous experiment. The TSST employed here involved four phases: (1) Pre-task instructions (5 min); (2) Speech preparation or anticipatory stress phase (5 min); (3) Job speech (5 min); (4) PASAT (5 min 34 sec). Three judges remained in the test room to monitor performance, which was video-recorded throughout the task. TSST has frequently been used in stress-induced analgesia laboratory studies,34,35 where significant HPA and cardiovascular changes have been consistently recognized.36
Regulating emotion following severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial of heart-rate variability biofeedback training
Published in Brain Injury, 2021
T.A. Wearne, J.A. Logan, E.M. Trimmer, E. Wilson, M. Filipcikova, E. Kornfeld, J.A. Rushby, S. McDonald
Regulation of emotion was assessed by objective and subjective reactivities to a mood induction task. This consisted of two parts. First, participants watched two movie clips from the films My Bodyguard and Cry Freedom. The scene from My Bodyguard depicted a young man, Ricky, getting bullied and harassed by a bodybuilder named Mike. The video clip from Cry Freedom depicted the attack on black protesters in the Soweto Massacre in South Africa by white African soldiers. These presentations were counterbalanced between participants and assessments, and both clips have previously been shown to induce negative mood (41). Participants then completed the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT), an eight-minute task whereby participants listen to a series of numbers. They are required to continuously add the newly presented number to the one preceding it. The task gets progressively harder and has been shown to induce feelings of frustration and anger together with physiological changes to heart rate and skin conductance level (42,43). Response to the mood induction relative to a resting period was assessed in both objective and subjective ways. Emotional provocation was evaluated by averaging reactivity across both parts of the anger induction (i.e., film clips and the PASAT).
Gene and cell therapy and nanomedicine for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: bibliometric analysis and systematic review of clinical outcomes
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Javier Caballero-Villarraso, Jamil Sawas, Begoña M. Escribano, Francisco A. Martín-Hersog, Andrea Valverde-Martínez, Isaac Túnez
In most clinical trials, safety and tolerance relative to the intervention were assessed as fundamental objectives. Other objectives considered in most of these studies were the evaluation of disability using the EDSS scale and possible changes in brain lesions assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These last two aspects were used as patient selection criteria, in addition to having variables analyzed in their clinical follow-up [23–61]. To assess motor skills, the T25FW (Timed 25-Foot Walk) and 9PHT (9-Hole Peg Test) scales were used in most of the trials. To assess cognitive function, the ‘Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test’ (PASAT) was used. Less frequently, other variables such as fatigue, sexual dysfunction, and sphincter control (bladder and bowel function) were assessed.