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Africa
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Background
Published in Bo Chen, Mental Health Law in China, 2023
It is important to note here that being covered by the public health insurance does not mean the treatment would be free, as there is a mechanism to determine whether and how much the cost could be covered.102For example, if everything in a treatment plan is on the approved list, the insurance for villagers would often cover 70% of inpatient treatment but only 50% of outpatient treatment; most community services are not covered by any insurance plan.103It is arguable that the insurance policy may encourage or motivate people to choose inpatient treatment rather than outpatient treatment. The increased level of insurance coverage also allows more families to hospitalise people with mental health issues. The book will revisit this point in Chapter 6 that explains the decision-making framework in more detail.
Community and environment as determinants of health
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
Thomas Man-chi Dao, Bean S.N. Fu
In the United States, from 2010 to 2012, low-income older people were two times more likely to be admitted to hospitals because of influenza infection than those with high income (Hadler et al., 2016). The influenza-related admission rate of young patients was also higher among the poorer (Yousey-Hindes & Hadler, 2011). Furthermore, despite they carry a higher complication risk, their influenza vaccine coverage was lower than the high-income group. Similarly, the pandemic COVID-19 infection has worsened the health inequality of the poor disproportionally, more so when there has been a lockdown in many communities. A study in Turkey found that patients with lower income had more severe pneumonia presentation that required inpatient treatment and higher levels of vital supports (Aksu et al., 2020). Richer patients were more likely to have mild symptoms, or only needed outpatient treatment.
Terminology, Definitions, Classification of Abused Substances, and Diagnostic Criteria
Published in Frank Lynn Iber, Alcohol and Drug Abuse as Encountered in Office Practice, 2020
Outpatient treatment refers only to patients who come to a treatment facility run by a trained person as noted in the previous paragraph, but who do not reside there. Self-help groups consist of persons with substance abuse problems who are in various stages of recovery and who join together in some sort of formal organization. In some communities informal groups, often church-affiliated, provide services or shelter to homeless addicted persons. These are not considered self-help groups because they include many persons who are not recovering from the problem.
Real-world patient-level cost-effectiveness analysis of omalizumab in patients with severe allergic asthma treated in four major medical centers in Turkey
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2023
Deniz Tugay, Mehmet Top, Ömür Aydin, Sevim Bavbek, Ebru Damadoğlu, Ferda Öner Erkekol, Ilkay Koca Kalkan, A. Fuat Kalyoncu, Gül Karakaya, I. Kivilcim Oğuzülgen, Haluk Türktaş, Ivo Abraham
Based on the literature review and expert clinical opinion, a state transition Markov model with six health states was specified (Figure 1) and operationalized in a bespoke model programmed in Microsoft Excel 2016 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA). All patients start in the severe allergic asthma state; may stay in this state; may require outpatient treatment; may experience an exacerbation requiring an emergency room visit; may experience an exacerbation leading to hospitalization; or may die from other causes. Patients in the outpatient, emergency department, or hospitalization states may return to the severe allergic asthma state, after which they may or may not return to any of the 3 treatment states. These patients may also die, either from asthma-related or from other causes. Both death states were considered absorbing states in the model. The outpatient visits, emergency room visits, or hospitalizations reflect the healthcare resource utilization (HRU) as a result of worsening asthmatic disease and asthma exacerbations, while the severe allergic asthma and both death states reflect clinical states.
Public health impact of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2) in the first year of rollout in the United States
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2022
Manuela Di Fusco, Kinga Marczell, Kristen A. Deger, Mary M. Moran, Timothy L. Wiemken, Alejandro Cane, Solène de Boisvilliers, Jingyan Yang, Shailja Vaghela, Julie Roiz
Once individuals got infected in “infected states” (infected, infected post dose 1, infected post dose 2), they moved to the decision tree (Figure 2; Table 1) for symptomatic or asymptomatic infection. We assumed that individuals with asymptomatic infection did not die or require any inpatient or outpatient treatment, but could experience PASC complications. The term PASC, also known as “long COVID”, is used to describe the post-acute sequelae and long-term symptoms that can be experienced from weeks to months by persons recovering from COVID-1949. Symptomatic cases were moved further into the decision tree according to outcome probabilities informed by the individual’s health state specific efficacy against symptomatic disease and against hospitalization. The probability that infected individuals experienced symptoms was based on peer-reviewed literature42. Symptomatic cases were assumed to be managed in the outpatient or hospitalized setting, and incurred healthcare costs for clinical care including, respectively, visits, testing, medication, and hospitalization treatment. Hospitalized patients remained in the general ward or were admitted to the ICU and could receive IMV in either setting. Further, individuals that survived infection were then subject to a probability of developing PASC and incurred the costs of managing these symptoms. The PASC probabilities were sourced from published literature50,51. We also assumed that individuals who got infected were immune to reinfection for an average of nine months after the infection44.
Structured diagnosis and timely treatment of dual diagnosis: effect on the retention rate in outpatient treatment for substance use disorders
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2022
Marisol Orocio-Contreras, Amado Nieto-Caraveo
Research on the effectiveness of different treatment models is insufficient (Rojas et al., 2011), so it is necessary to design comprehensive care models that include the magnitude of adherence, this being a surrogate measure of effectiveness. It has been established that 90 days (12 weeks) as the minimum time necessary for the effectiveness of outpatient treatment (Hubbard et al., 1989). This compliance is determined by multiple factors: age, gender, type of substance; chronicity; educational, legal and socioeconomic status; cognitive deficits; comorbidity; therapeutic alliance; self-efficacy among other (Bogenschutz & Siegfreid, 1998; Brorson et al., 2013; Friedmann et al., 2003; Grella & Joshi, 1999; Lima-Castro et al., 2017; Santonja-Gómez et al., 2010; Veach et al., 2000).