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Neuropsychological Rehabilitation for Psychiatric Disorders
Published in Barbara A. Wilson, Jill Winegardner, Caroline M. van Heugten, Tamara Ownsworth, Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2017
Tara Rezapour, Brent Wurfel, Sara Simblett, Hamed Ekhtiari
Impairments in two of the main components of the cognitive system, memory and learning, are present in psychiatric disorders, as evidenced by single group studies through to meta analyses (Aleman et al., 1999; Rock et al., 2014; Sofuoglu et al., 2013; Trivedi, 2006). Hypervalent stressors, traumatic events and a bias in encoding and recall of memories with emotional or motivational valences lead to the formation of powerful maladaptive associations in memory networks. In spite of similarities, memory biases differ among different psychiatric disorders. While individuals with depression often have heightened recall of negative material (Gotlib and Joorman, 2010), those with anxiety exhibit heightened recall of threat-related information; for example, trauma-related stimuli in PTSD (Hayes et al., 2012), contamination-related objects in OCD (Radomsky and Rachman, 1999), and negative autobiographical memories in social phobia disorder (Wenzel et al., 2002). For people with SUDs, memory bias manifests through associations between expected rewards (e.g. decreased anxiety or a feeling of pleasure) and substance-related cues in the environment (e.g. a glass of wine) (Noël et al., 2013). Memory bias in recalling emotional information contributes to deterioration in daily functioning by increasing negative mood and promoting harmful behaviour. Reversal learning is also impaired in many psychiatric disorders (Dickstein et al., 2010; Patzelt et al., 2014) and results in an inability to disengage from ongoing maladaptive behaviour.
Re-Visioning Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Cancer Patients
Published in Scott Temple, Brief Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Cancer Patients, 2017
A landmark book, Cognitive Behavioural Processes Across Psychological Disorders by Harvey et al. (2004), reviewed evidence and concluded that there is strong empirical support for the following transdiagnostic processes in both depression and anxiety disorders, which are the most common presenting problems in cancer patients, and which form the clinical focus of this book: Selective attention, which is the tendency for human attention to be biased toward specific, concern-related outer and inner stimuli and to sources of safety.Memory biases, both as explicit selective memory and recurrent memory. The mind, as it were, involuntarily selects memory that is biased in the direction of specific concerns, including loss, diminishment, and threat. And the mind can at times experience recurrent, intrusive, disturbing, and/or maladaptive memory that is both repetitive and seemingly involuntary.Reasoning biases, including biased interpretation of ambiguous stimuli, biased inferences about causal outcomes in life, and a variety of biased expectancies and heuristics, including the tendency to seek data that confirm one’s pre-existing beliefs. Note that these biases broadly confirm Beck’s own clinically derived observations of “cognitive errors.”Rumination and worry, which impair effective problem solving, with rumination being more focused on themes of loss and a damaged and diminished sense of self, and worry tending to involve a focus on imagined future threats and intolerance of uncertainty.Positive and negative metacognitive beliefs, which are essentially beliefs about the mental operating system, seen as either dangerously out of control, or viewing worry and rumination as necessary, functional strategies.The use of avoidance and safety behaviors, which involves avoidance of both inner and outer threats, real and imagined, in ways that dampen effective problem solving and more accurate, flexible appraisals of threat. Nobel laureate and cognitive psychologist Daniel Kahneman (2011) provided independent lines of research that support Harvey et al.’s conclusions with regard to the human tendency toward cognitive biases. Beck’s early model emphasized addressing these biases in cognitive content via evidence testing and creating new alternative beliefs. Yet cognitive therapy actually attempts to modify both form and function of thoughts, depending upon the circumstances (A. Beck & Dozois, 2011).
Role of chemical exposure in the incidence of vitiligo: a case–control study in Tunisia
Published in Libyan Journal of Medicine, 2023
Nehla Rmadi, Nada Kotti, Emna Bahloul, Feriel Dhouib, Imen Sellami, Khadija Sellami, Kaouthar Jmal Hammami, Mohamed Larbi Masmoudi, Hamida Turki, Mounira Hajjaji
In addition to these risk factors, we found that having a history of a repeated antibiotic use caused presumably vitiligo in our patients. The action of antibiotics on skin pigmentation has been studied on the animal model (mouse) and has been explained by their actions on both the microbiome and the immune system [24]. Das et al. highlight cases of chemical leucoderma related to hydroquinone used in skin-lightening creams [25]. Our study has several limitations worth noting. Interviewees may be subject to a memory bias that is inherent in all case–control studies owing to its retrospective nature. In addition, the past chemical exposure assessment was based on a qualitative analysis. It was not possible to approach a quantification of exposure to these products far back in the past. As a result, this assessment may be considered as subject.
Women’s disclosure of college sexual assault: Greek-life status does not influence disclosure
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Teah-Marie Bynion, Malachi Willis, Kristen N. Jozkowski, Jacquelyn D. Wiersma-Mosley
Although the current paper is among the first to examine rates of willingness and actual disclosure as a function of group membership status among college women, several limitations warrant mentioning. First, data from both studies were cross-sectional, therefore findings cannot speak to causality. Longitudinal and lab-based experimental work could further speak to the relationship between group membership status and subsequent help-seeking behaviors. Second, all measures were retrospective self-reports, which may introduce memory biases. Future work may consider prospective studies which assess real-time behavioral disclosure. Although the low rates of actual formal disclosure in our sample are consistent with previous research, because of this we were unable to adequately and statistically examine between group comparisons based on Greek-life membership. Finally, psychological-related factors associated with lower rates of disclosure were not captured in the current studies. Prior work suggests many women who experience a sexual assault commonly experience adverse emotions such as self-blame, embarrassment, shame, or fear; emotions that are related to non-disclosure or delays in disclosure. Further, the desire to avoid stigma, which often accompanies an assault, is also associated with delayed disclosure or non-disclosure.31–33 Future studies should consider incorporating measures of these psychological-related factors to assess more nuanced factors related to decision-making surrounding sexual assault disclosure.
Prevalence of antibiotic self-medication behavior and related factors among children aged 0 to 5 years
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Jianxiong Wu, Fengjie Yang, Heping Yang, Guopeng Zhang, Ketao Mu, Jie Feng, Jing Wang, Xiaoxv Yin
Based on the health belief model, we analyzed the association between health beliefs of parents and SMA among children, which was not investigated by previous studies. However, some limitations of this study should be noted. Firstly, this was a cross-sectional study. Therefore, it was difficult to make reliable inferences about causality. Prospective studies are needed to further confirm our findings. Secondly, only the parents of the children were included in this study. In fact, many children are also cared for by their grandparents in China. Therefore, the antibiotic self-medication rate of children in this study may be lower than the actual rate. Thirdly, the self-medication of children with antibiotics was self-reported by their parents. Therefore, there may be memory bias. Fourthly, when we investigated SMA among children, we did not inquire about the names of drugs used and how they were used. We could not determine whether those who reported self-medication actually used antibiotics. These details have important implications for policy setting.