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Animals in psychological research
Published in Clive R. Hollin, An Introduction to Human–Animal Relationships, 2021
In all, Harlow concluded that a monkey's normal development relied on some degree of interaction with an object to which they can cling (clinging being a natural response in infant monkeys) during the critical period of the first months of life. The experience of early maternal deprivation caused emotional damage that could be reversed if an attachment was made before the end of the critical period. However, if maternal deprivation continued after the end of the critical period, the emotional damage was permanent (Harlow & Zimmermann, 1959).
Questions and Answers
Published in David Browne, Brenda Wright, Guy Molyneux, Mohamed Ahmed, Ijaz Hussain, Bangaru Raju, Michael Reilly, MRCPsych Paper I One-Best-Item MCQs, 2017
David Browne, Brenda Wright, Guy Molyneux, Mohamed Ahmed, Ijaz Hussain, Bangaru Raju, Michael Reilly
Answer: C. The distress syndrome is considered to be a consequence of short-term separation and it includes protest, despair and detachment. Consequences of long-term maternal deprivation include the other items in the question and also poor development of IQ and language and affectionless psychopathy. [H. p. 293]
Ecological Factors in Gastroenteritis
Published in E. J. Clegg, J. P. Garlick, Disease and Urbanization, 1980
M. G. M. Rowland, R. A. E. Barrell
In Keneba, humidity, rainfall, the availability of water, water pollution and the virtual absence of sanitation facilities appear to be the main components of the first group. Maternal deprivation seems to be a major social problem. The poor diet and nutritional status of the mothers impairs lactation, so supplementary infant feeding is needed as early as the fourth month of age (Whitehead et al., 1978). The mothers lack knowledge and facilities for sterilizing feeds and for storing clean water, and the standards of child care and infant feeding are poor because of the exorbitant seasonal demands made upon them to work in the field; as a result, young children are repeatedly fed highly contaminated, poorly nutritious diets. The practice of breastfeeding well into the second year of life is a valuable support to children in such unhygienic surroundings, but the protection it gives declines or disappears in the second half of infancy. This probably results both because increasing quantities of contaminated material are consumed and because immunity is waning.
How deep is the cancerous cut of substance use disorders on human rights? The effects of substance use disorders from a human rights perspective: The thinking of Developmental Clinical Social Work
Published in Social Work in Health Care, 2023
Robert K. Chigangaidze, Muridzo Noel Garikai, Simbine Samuel Lisenga
Parental misuse of substances significantly affects the attainment of children rights in several ways, which will be discussed in this section. Maternal substance use is associated with dental caries hospitalization in children (Auger et al., 2020) thereby affecting the enjoyment of sustainable health. Utilizing the maternal deprivation, social learning and the Freudian psychoanalytic theories, parental substance use can aggravate the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems of the child in later stages of life. Children's rights are not only affected by the paternal use of substances. The use of substances by the children themselves tend to contribute to delinquency, risky sexual behaviors, bullying and self-harm behaviors such as suicide attempts (Schulte & Hser, 2014). As indicated earlier on in this paper, substance use disorders can greatly impact on the attainment of human rights to education, parenting, adequate food and nutrition, housing, and safety. All these are prerequisites for the enjoyment of children’s rights.
Effects of maternal deprivation stress and maternal dietary of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the neurobehavioral development of male offspring
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Rui Yang, Mengqi Zhang, Ying Xue, Rong Yang, Mimi Tang, Ruili Dang
Early-life stress has profound effect on brain development and has an important correlation with human psychiatric disorders. Maternal deprivation (MD), an animal model for early-life stress that disrupts the normal maternal–infant interaction, is considered one of the most powerful stressors in rodents. It has been shown that repeated separation of rat pups from their mother increases behavioral fearfulness and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) response to stress [1]. Moreover, maternally separated pups exhibit high stress hormone responsiveness and alterations in emotional and behavioral regulations when challenged in specific experimental environments [2]. The effects of MD might involve a range of mechanisms, such as changes in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and alterations in neuropeptide expression in the brain [3]. Other evidence also has been provided that maternal separation induces long-lasting disturbances in cognitive, emotional and other behavioral performances [4]. In addition, short-term neurofunctional outcomes are described as related to long-term functional deficits, which has drawn the attention to the predictive value and necessity of short-term evaluation. However, the majority of studies only focus on the long-term effects of MD stress on neurological function deficits in adult rats. Relatively, the short-term consequence of the physical and neurobehavioral developments in rat offspring remains unknown.
Physical exercise enhances vulnerability to migraine headache associated with CGRP up-expression in trigeminal nucleus caudalis of stressed rats
Published in Neurological Research, 2020
Razieh Kooshki, Mehdi Abbasnejad, Ali Shamsizadeh, Maryam Raoof, Khadijeh Askari-Zahabi, Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
Migraine headache is often accompanied by signs of exaggerated intracranial and extracranial sensitivities that can be triggered by substances in the external and internal environment [1,2]. Research has demonstrated the link between high level of stress and migraine frequency [3,4]. Chronic immobilization stress leads to the increased hyperalgesia induced by nitroglycerin (NTG) in rats [5]. In addition, it has been reported that the level of perceived stress increases in patients suffering from migraine compared with the healthy subjects [3]. Early maternal deprivation (MD) is one of the most stressful life-events which promotes permanent stress-associative neural plasticity and changes in physiological functions in the adult brain [6,7]. A growing body of evidence shows that neonatal MD enhances sensitivity to nociceptive and inflammatory stimuli in adulthood in [8,9] rodents. In contrast, some studies suggested a decrease or no change in nociceptive processing in response to MD [10,11]