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Developing Treatment for Tobacco Addicted Youth-Issues and Challenges
Published in Eric F. Wagner, Nicotine Addiction Among Adolescents, 2018
Jack E. Henningfield, Tula Michaelides, Steve Sussman
How to maintain program effects beyond the initial quit attempt seems to be of paramount importance. Apparently, while 21% of youth will quit in a clinic context, 8% of these persons relapse by six months post-treatment (Sussman, Lichtman, Ritt & Pallonen, in press). Thus youth show at best half the cessation rate achieved by aduits. They may not, for example, have much of a support system to help them remain smoke-free. Without social barriers, implicit cognition processes may steer adolescents back in the direction of using (Stacy, 1995). Other variables such as comorbid conditions (e.g., depression, other substance abuse) may inhibit cessation efforts to the extent that nicotine is being for self-medication (Brown, Lewinsohn, Seeley, & Wagner, 1996). It is not clear to what extent comorbid conditions play a greater or lesser role for youth as compared to adults. Clearly, maintenance of cessation is a most important issue to address in future research.
The Etiology of Addiction
Published in James MacKillop, George A. Kenna, Lorenzo Leggio, Lara A. Ray, Integrating Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Addictive Disorders, 2017
Within a cognitive framework, expectancies and motives can be thought of as explicit reflective cognitive processes, or declarative “top-down” processes in which the individual reports introspectively available cognitions about the drug. An important complement to those mechanisms are implicit automatic cognitive processes, or unconscious “bottom-up” processes that reflect the salience and weighting of drugs within a person’s cognitive network. Implicit cognition can be measured in a variety of different ways, but the common theme is using behavioral tasks that embed drug-related information and use behavioral performance, often interference, to reveal how salient drug information is within the person’s cognitive network. Level of cognitive bias on these measures has been significantly associated with level of substance misuse [69] and has also been found to be predictive of treatment response [70, 71]. Indeed, implicit cognition has given rise to novel adjunctive retraining treatments to degrade these acquired associations [72, 73]. Implicit and explicit measures of cognition are weakly associated, with some shared variance but both independently predicting substance involvement [74].
Craving and implicit attitude toward heroin use and their relationships with the levels of heroin dependence and methadone adherence in heroin users
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2021
Peng-Wei Wang, Huang-Chi Lin, Kun-Hua Lee, Lin Pai-Cheng, Hung-Chi Wu, Chih-Yao Hsu, Kuan-Sheng Chung, Chih-Hung Ko, Yi-Hsin Connie Yang, Cheng-Fang Yen
Tiffany presented a model to explain the urge for drug use in cognitive terms, drawing on the distinction between automatic and controlled processes.3 He argued that craving for drug use can be conceptualized as responses in implicit and conscious cognitive processes.3 He also indicated that implicit cognition toward the substance is automatic, being capable of being triggered by environmental stimuli independently of conscious intentions.3 Andrade et al.4 also reported that the precursors of craving are usually unconscious and implicit. According to these models, the implicit cognition that operates primarily at implicit, unconscious levels may be the basis of and occasionally turn into craving.4,5 Wiers et al.6 argued similarly that drug-use motivation operates implicitly and may turn into an explicit feature as drug craving. In line with the model of Tiffany, we assumed that implicit cognition could have a direct impact on craving.
Affective Responses to Gay Men Using Facial Electromyography: Is There a Psychophysiological “Look” of Anti-Gay Bias
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2019
Melanie A. Morrison, Krista M. Trinder, Todd G. Morrison
Research on interpersonal bias that occurs implicitly has accorded limited empirical attention to testing the conceptual distinctiveness of various implicit techniques and their association with behavior. Indeed, across all facial EMG studies to date, only one race-based study addressing interpersonal bias in the form of anti-Black reactions has compared the efficacy of an implicit cognitive reaction-based measure (i.e., the commonly used IAT; Greenwald et al., 1998) against an implicit affective reaction-based measure (i.e., facial EMG). Vanman, Saltz, Nathan, and Warren (2004) found that affective reactions, as measured by facial EMG, better predicted low-scoring Whites’ race-based bias toward African Americans than did cognitive responses captured via the IAT. Given this large gap in the literature, we test the relative effectiveness of a physiological indicator of implicit affect against an indicator of implicit cognition and assess their association to discriminatory behavior that is both overt and covert in nature. To our knowledge, our study will be the first to offer such comparisons as they pertain to sexual orientation and will build on the work of Vanman et al. (2004).
Reliability and validity evidence of a new interpretation bias task in patients diagnosed with drug use disorder: a preliminary study of the Word Association Task for Drug Use Disorder (WAT-DUD)
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2019
Jesús Gómez-Bujedo, Sara Domínguez-Salas, Pedro Juan Pérez-Moreno, Enrique Moraleda-Barreno, Oscar M. Lozano
In spite of the results obtained using these tasks with ambiguous stimuli, their use is relatively lower compared with other implicit tasks. In the study mentioned by Rooke, Hine, & Thorteinsson (6), it was shown that the use of these tasks constituted only 20% of the studies included in their meta-analysis. Nonetheless, the effect size observed in these tests showed higher values (r = .38) than those observed in other aspects of implicit cognition considered in this work, such as the tests of implicit attitudes (r = .27) or attentional bias (r = .26) (6). One of the factors that can influence their scarce use is the relative complexity and subjectivity involved in obtaining the measure (10,24), since this is usually obtained following classification of the responses of at least two observers (8,25). Similarly, some authors question the implicit character of word association tasks and suggest that they may be influenced by the demand characteristics of the task, such as social desirability bias (10). In addition to these factors, these tasks have been relatively unexplored psychometrically (26,27), which undoubtedly limits their administration.