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Stress and Coping
Published in Deborah Fish Ragin, Health Psychology, 2017
One of the first and perhaps best-known measures of psychosocial stress is the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) by Holmes and Rahe (1967), also known as the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale. The 43-item scale includes a list of life events, rank ordered from most to least stressful. Each life event is associated with a life change unit score, a measure of the perceived stressfulness of the event, on a scale of 100 to 0. Ratings from thousands of participants produced weighted scores for each psychosocial event, which yielded a rank order of most to least stressful situations that apply to a diverse sample of people. For example, the death of a spouse has a life change unit score (stressfulness score) of 100, suggesting a highly stressful event. Conversely, outstanding personal achievements are assigned a score of 28, or relatively low stress.
Exploring the Role of Traumatic Event Exposure in Tobacco Dependence Treatment Outcomes Among African Americans
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2021
A. Shevorykin, L. M. Ruglass, A. D. Mancini, E. Carl, A. Legg, C. E. Sheffer
Sociodemographic and psychological measures. Participant demographic characteristics measured included age, gender, race, ethnicity, employment status, relationship status, annual household income, and level of education. Alcohol use was measured by the number of alcoholic drinks per week. Stress level was assessed with the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale (HRSS; Holmes and Rahe 1967), a checklist of 43 major life events that requires participants to indicate any major life events they have experienced in the previous 12 months, with stress score calculated as the total score (range 0–43). Depressive symptomatology was assessed with the 20-item Centers for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff 1977). A score of 16 or greater indicates possible depression. Perceived discrimination was measured using the Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS), a subjective measure of the self-reported frequency of discriminatory experiences in day-to-day life (Williams et al. 1997), with perceived discrimination score as the total score (range 0 to 27).
Predictors of autoimmune thyroid disease
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Carol Cardona Attard, W. C. Candy Sze, Sandro Vella
The study had two main parts. A short questionnaire was used to assess age, gender, month of birth, history and type of diabetes, history of thyroid disease, medications (specifically looking for previous or current use of amiodarone, lithium, interferon-α, antiretrovirals, oral contraceptive pill/hormone replacement therapy, selenium/iodine supplements for at least 3 months within the previous year), levothyroxine and carbimazole/propylthiouracil therapy, smoking history, alcohol exposure, parity number, age at menarche and menopause if applicable (females only), and exposure to radioactive iodine or external radiotherapy (especially to neck), including year of exposure. Frequency of intake of foods rich in iodine was assessed using a validated Iodine Survey Dietary Questionnaire (Supplementary Table 1).16,17 No or occasional intake was scored as zero, at least once-weekly intake was given a score of 1, while more than once-weekly intake was scored as 2.17 These were added up for each subject and categorized as low iodine intake if the total score was between 0 and 5, moderate if the score was between 6 and 10, and high if the score was between 11 and 14. Stress was assessed by inquiring about major stressful life events occurring in the previous year using the standardized Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale (Supplementary Table 2).18 Stress was scored as mild if the total value amounted to <150, moderate if between 150 and 299, and severe if ≥300. If an event occurred more than once, the score next to the life event was multiplied by the frequency of the event.
Exposure to personal and community violence and associated drug use outcomes in African American young adults
Published in Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2022
Forough Saadatmand, Craig Dearfield, Jennifer Bronson, Roderick Harrison
Life stressors were adapted from the Holmes-Rahe Life Stress Inventory (Holmes & Rahe, 1967). The Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale is a measure of general life stress other than ETV. The variables used for this analysis were determined from a factor analysis to group the items in the scale to a set of unique latent factors. The factors used in this analysis were 1) whether there was a family breakup due to crime, 2) activity changes, 3) whether a family friend died or was incarcerated, and 4) changes in religious activities.