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Diagnosis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Published in Jay A. Goldstein, Chronic Fatigue Syndromes, 2020
Psychiatric disorders are extremely common in a CFS population. Mood disorders, anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and borderline personality disorder are seen most frequently. I find somatization disorder to be rare, diagnosed without the previous caveats, as are related problems such as other somatoform disorders, hypochondriasis, and hysteria. It is important to obtain prior medical records. I have learned to suspect a psychiatric disorder in patients who claim to have no previous medical contact. An occasional delusional patient will believe that he has chronic fatigue syndrome caused by forces plotting against him, and a patient should be questioned about such false beliefs if his history sounds odd. Many patients could be diagnosed as having a post-traumatic stress disorder on the basis of a history of child abuse. Phobias are also common, especially agoraphobia and driving phobia.
Psychological therapy using virtual reality for treatment of driving phobia: a systematic review
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
Rachel A. Elphinston, Atiyeh Vaezipour, James A. Fowler, Trevor G. Russell, Michele Sterling
Driving phobia, also referred to as driving anxiety, accident phobia, fear of driving, or travel anxiety/phobia can manifest as an anxiety disorder (e.g., specific phobia; panic disorder), or as part of a constellation of PTSD symptoms. Based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) [14], individuals with a driving phobia can meet the criteria for a specific phobia of the situational type, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, and/or PTSD; or they can present with sub-clinical symptoms of these disorders. Core features across these disorders include intense fear or anxiety in the feared driving situation or in anticipation of a driving situation; avoidance of driving or triggering road environments; and significant distress and/or impairment in important areas of functioning [15–17]. Given there is no consensus in the literature on terminology or definitions, we defined driving phobia in this study as significant fear or anxiety when exposed to driving and/or the road traffic environment, including active avoidance of driving, or it is endured with intense anxiety or fear, causing significant distress and/or considerable impact on a person’s daily life.
Driving Simulator, Virtual Reality, and On-Road Interventions for Driving-Related Anxiety: A Systematic Review
Published in Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 2021
Melissa Knott, Sang Ho Kim, April Vander Veen, Erik Angeli, Eric Evans, William Knight, April Ripley, Tuan Tran, Liliana Alvarez
The driving simulator studies (n = 6) included a case series, single-subject design, a pre-post-test experimental design, a pilot study and two RCTs. All the participants in the three occupational therapy driving interventions (OT-DI) studies were male CVs with a diagnosis of PTSD, mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI), and/or orthopedic injuries (Classen, Monahan, et al., 2014; Classen, Cormack, et al., 2014; Classen et al., 2017). Participants in the study by Kaussner et al. (2020) were either diagnosed with PTSD or met the criteria for specific phobia. da Costa et al. (2018) included patients diagnosed with a specific driving phobia, whereas Zinzow et al. (2018) included participants with driving-related anxiety and aggression with or without driving phobia.