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Stress and Parenting
Published in Marc H. Bornstein, Psychological Insights for Understanding COVID-19 and Families, Parents, and Children, 2020
Keith A. Crnic, Shayna S. Coburn
Attention to the context of stress and its potential influence on families and child development grew dramatically in the 1980s as a function of a number of critical conceptual and methodological advances. Conceptually, the study of stress and resilience as critical contexts for child and family development (Garmezy and Rutter, 1983; Garmezy, Masten, and Tellegen, 1984) was growing in support of the emerging developmental psychopathology framework for understanding risk and child and family behavior problems (Cicchetti, 1984). A study by Weinberg and Richardson (1981) turned attention specifically to the notion that parenting can be a stressful experience in its own right. Using multidimensional scaling, they created a 14-item measure addressing dimensions of stress in parenting. This measure not only identified 14 salient parental experiences, but asked parents to rate these events for the degree to which they were considered unpleasant. Four dimensions of stressful parent experience emerged: (1) major versus minor child problems, (2) immediate versus long-range problem experiences, (3) child welfare versus parent welfare, and (4) restriction of self or adult activities. Each dimension was associated with the parent’s experience of unpleasantness, with child behavior problems (dimension 1) having the strongest association. Restriction of self was least associated with parents’ assessments of unpleasant emotion. Mothers and fathers also differed on each dimension, with the exception of restriction of self.
Disorders of Emotion Recognition and Expression
Published in Tom M. McMillan, Rodger Ll. Wood, Neurobehavioural Disability and Social Handicap following Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Claire Williams, Rodger Ll. Wood
Evidence to support the somatic marker hypothesis was derived from studies of people with ventromedial prefrontal (VMPF) damage. These individuals exhibit many of the following characteristics: a lack of insight, poor initiative, poor judgement, indecisiveness, inflexibility, blunted emotional awareness, poor empathy, inappropriate affect, poor frustration tolerance, shallow irritability, emotional lability and socially irresponsible behaviour. Many of these features are associated with developmental psychopathology found in conduct disorders and later in antisocial personality disorders. However, after TBI, the emergence of these characteristics in a person with an otherwise normal developmental history has been referred to as acquired sociopathy (Eslinger & Damasio, 1985; Blair & Cipolotti, 2000; Blumer & Benson, 1975; see also Chapter 3 this volume). One prominent feature of these individuals is a lack of empathy or concern about close friends and family, which is out of character to the individual’s pre-accident behaviour.
Juvenile offenders and adolescent psychiatry
Published in John C. Gunn, Pamela J. Taylor, Forensic Psychiatry, 2014
Susan Bailey, John Gunn, Heather Law, Loraine Gelsthorpe, Allison Morris
In the United States and Europe, recent studies of young offenders have used large samples across custody and community settings with clear definitions of mental disorders and reliable measures of adolescent psychopathology (Kroll et al., 2002; Kazdin, 2000; Harrington et al., 2005; Teplin et al., 2002; Vermeiren, 2003; Vreugdenhil et al., 2004). Developmental psychopathology (Garmezy and Rutter, 1983; Cicchetti, 1984) has enabled clinicians to understand better how mental disorders in adolescence emerge, evolve and change in a developmental context. Grisso and colleagues (2005) point to four conceptual aspects of mental disorders in the forensic adolescent population that should be taken into account when screening for and assessing disorders (and the subsequent trajectory of the disorders into adulthood, including links with violence, delinquency and early onset psychosis). The concepts are age relativity, discontinuity, comorbidity and demographic differences.
Clinical characteristics according to sex and symptom severity in children with selective mutism: a four-center study
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2023
Hicran Dogru, Ilknur Ucuz, Ayla Uzun Cicek, Semiha Comertoglu Arslan
Multiple potential factors play a role in the etiology of SM. Migration, trauma, environmental stressors, temperamental shyness, social withdrawal, speech and language disorders, and genetic predisposition are known to increase the risk of SM [2,6,7]. The heterogeneity of developmental psychopathology has led to divergent psychosocial and pharmacological approaches [8]. In children with SM, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most common treatments reported [9]. Despite the limited data on SSRIs, results amongst very young children are shown to be promising [10,11]. Also, a case series study involving a combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy showed significant improvements in SM symptoms [12]. A recent review examining the aforementioned treatment options concluded that CBT and pharmacotherapy were effective treatment options for SM [9]. Considering CBT stands out on evidence, emerging studies are promising that examine differences in treatment response in children with SM [13].
Couple and parenting functioning of childhood sexual abuse survivors: a systematic review of the literature (2001-2018)
Published in Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2021
Heather B. MacIntosh, A. Dana Ménard
DiLillo and Damashek (2003) carried out a review of the available research on the characteristics of CSA survivors as parents. They identified four potential models that might clarify the pathway from CSA to later difficulties in parenting. The first model, psychopathology and distress, suggests that the pathway to parenting difficulties in CSA survivors might be due to the impact of trauma symptoms and emotional distress that might interfere with effective parenting. The second model, the social learning model, suggests that CSA survivors might not have the opportunity to observe and learn healthy parenting approaches and strategies given co-occurring family environmental factors often associated with CSA. The third model, attachment theory, would suggest that parenting difficulties in CSA survivors would be due to insecure attachment, transmitted intergenerationally resulting in poor parenting and parent/child relationships. The fourth model, the developmental psychopathology model, articulates that there are diverse outcomes associated with CSA, that moderators, both protective and problematic, associated with CSA, might provide better explanatory power for the impacts of CSA on parenting.
Children of Divorce amid Allegations of Violence Need Clinical Child Expertise: Adapting Empirically Supported Interventions
Published in Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2020
Kelly M. Champion, Sarah T. Trane
The rapid changes in family structure complicate research-informed predictions of child resilience based on family and child characteristics. Models of developmental psychopathology suggest a number of salient factors (Dishion & Stormshak, 2007). For example, individual differences in emotional vulnerability, problem-solving, and coping likely impact differences in suffering and harm due to divorce and related stressors like relocation, step-families, or loss of social or economic resources. Differences in biological and psychological vulnerabilities of parents may predict parental coping with conflict in the marriage and divorce process, which afterward may impact parent–child relationships. Similar vulnerabilities may be present among children born of this relationship, which can then exacerbate parenting difficulties. Existing research is necessarily lacking and likely out of data in light of the rapid changes in normal family structure (Benjamin et al., 2018).