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Healing at Fann Hospital
Published in Alice Bullard, Spiritual and Mental Health Crisis in Globalizing Senegal, 2022
Yet starting in the 1960s, research led by Norman Sartorious at the World Health Organization (WHO) undertook the creation of a systematized, universal language for mental health diagnosis and treatment. This campaign for international psychiatry has enjoyed many successes, and has positioned a newly universalized language of psychiatric care as the accredited, scientific medium (De Girolamo Girolamo et al. 1989, but see criticism by Kleinman 1987; Watters 2010). A new orthodoxy, this time geared toward the needs of “universal scientific research and a universal language of psychiatry” (and, within the global marketplace, of the pharmaceutical industries and insurance companies) replaced the imperial orthodoxy of French supremacy. The DSM-III was first published in 1980 (Kirk and Kutchin 1992). The international classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines, known more commonly as the ICD 10, appeared in 1992 (Jablensky 1999). Efforts at the Fann Hospital and the resurgence of traditional healing challenged this post-colonial, globalized, techno-scientific hegemony.
Terminology, Definitions, Classification of Abused Substances, and Diagnostic Criteria
Published in Frank Lynn Iber, Alcohol and Drug Abuse as Encountered in Office Practice, 2020
DSM III-R is the best available reference for precise diagnosis, and is increasingly being used by agencies dealing with psychiatric diseases and their costs. Internists and family medicine specialists are often a bit less familiar with this source and the diagnostic criteria. The examples in Figures 1 and 2 illustrate that this guide is very practical and easy to apply.
Soul searching
Published in Lesa Scholl, Medicine, Health and Being Human, 2018
The third revision of the DSM (DSM-III) signified a decisive conceptual and clinical shift in American psychiatry. One notable reason for the shift that occurred in the classification of mental disorder was anxiety over diagnostic validity, a problem that undermined psychiatry’s categorisation as a medical science. Without distinct conceptual boundaries for categories of disorder, evidence that a diagnosis actually pointed out a “real” disorder was scant. As a result, psychiatry was portrayed unfavourably by some as arbitrary and unscientific.2 Doubt was cast on psychiatry’s claim to scientific rigor because of the inconsistencies in diagnoses between different clinicians as well as the over-theorised influence of psychoanalysis. The overarching problem was psychiatry’s inability to achieve successful communication among clinicians, not to mention researchers. It became clear that enhancing communication among psychiatrists would not only enhance professional integrity (for example, shared diagnosis across multiple psychiatrists), it would also make it possible for researchers to work from well-delineated categories, that would develop empirical data on causation and ultimately vindicate psychiatry’s scientific status by validating disorders.
An Examination of Fitness to Stand Trial, Competence to Make Treatment Decisions, and Psychosis in a Canadian Sample
Published in International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 2021
Christopher M. King, Jill Del Pozzo, Dwight Ceballo, Patricia A. Zapf
Diagnoses, included all co-occurring diagnoses, rendered by facility psychiatrists for each participant circa admission were coded into five categories. First was psychotic, viz., diagnoses involving psychotic symptomology. For example, schizophrenia, psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, and bipolar disorder with psychotic features. Second was non-psychotic major, viz., major mental disorders not involving psychotic symptomology. For instance, major depressive disorder, bipolar II disorder, neurodevelopmental disorders, neurocognitive disorders, and mental disorder not otherwise specified due to a general medical condition. Third was non-psychotic minor, viz., minor mental disorders not involving psychotic symptomology. For example, personality disorders, adjustment disorder, dysphoric mood, and malingering. Fourth was alcohol (alcohol-related disorders) and fifth was drug (non-alcohol substance-related disorders and polysubstance-related disorder). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition–Revised (DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) was in use during the original study period while the study site migrated to the fourth edition of the text.
Introducing Chaim Shatan
Published in Studies in Gender and Sexuality, 2020
In 1972, Shatan published an Op-Ed titled “The Post-Vietnam Syndrome” in The New York Times, where he described the stress symptoms experienced by veterans, laying the groundwork for a growing collective familiarity with the wounds of war (Scott, 1990). In 1973, the removal of homosexuality from the DSM-II brought to the mental health field’s attention the need for an overall diagnostic manual revision (Scott, 1990; Shatan, 1985). Shatan joined the DSM-III task force and organized a group of anti-war colleagues and Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) to gather evidence of combat trauma and its prevalent symptoms (Boulanger, 2007; Herzog, 2017; Scott, 1990; Van der Kolk, 2015). From these efforts came the recognition of the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which was released in the DSM-III (APA, 1980). Beyond its concrete impact on veterans’ compensations, the release of PTSD was for Shatan simultaneously a clinical and a political intervention, as he was certain that diagnostic recognitions were “political acts” (1985, p.6) fostering the healing of individuals through the societal and institutional assimilation of their wounds.
Alcohol, Substance Use Disorders and Mental Health: Resources for U.S. Veterans
Published in Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 2022
U.S. military veterans may return home with war-related mental health disorders including Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD). In 1915, Captain Charles Myers, MD first identified “shell shock,” a diagnosis for all combat-related symptoms without visible ailments. Although not specific, veterans without visible wounds did return home with a diagnosis for the first time (Erwin, 2019). In the 1970s, the terms post-Vietnam Syndrome or Vietnam Syndrome were used (Lembcke, 2016; Shively & Perl, 2012). In 1980, the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) published a diagnosis for trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and it is still used today (Friedman, 2019).