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Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Published in Tricia L. Chandler, Fredrick Dombrowski, Tara G. Matthews, Co-occurring Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders, 2022
Tricia L. Chandler, Fredrick Dombrowski
Cyclothymic disorder is a less severe form of bipolar disorder in that neither the hypomania nor the depressive symptoms have met the criteria for being labeled bipolar, but disturbance of mood has occurred for at least a year in children and adolescents or two years for adults with symptoms of both poles of mood disorders for at least half that time and symptoms for more than two months at a time during that period. Cyclothymic disorder often develops in adolescence or early adulthood and is less prevalent than BDI or BDII (p. 140). Symptoms of depression in cyclothymia will often be expressed as a dejected mood, low energy, and loss of pleasure in activities, which are similar to those of persistent depressive disorder. The hypomanic stage brings increased energy with increased creativity and productivity (Goodwin & Jamison, 2007).
Psychiatric Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Dependable and methodical, the obsessive-compulsive personality is also rigid and unable to adapt to changing circumstances. The schizoid personality is introverted and concerned with his own feelings, often unable to experience closeness. About 40% of schizophrenic patients exhibit this personality type before they become ill. Other personality disorders include the cyclothymic (marked by rhythmic mood changes with no apparent external cause), psychopathic or sociopathic (who act out their aggressions without regard to social rules or apparent sense of morality), passive-aggressive (manifesting initially as inefficiency and sullenness, later aggressive and undermining activity), and the inadequate personality in which responses to any form of stress are unsuitable to the situation.
Counselling individuals with severe and enduring mental illness
Published in April Russello, Severe Mental Illness in Primary Care, 2018
Cyclothymia is when moods swing from moderately depressed states to mildly manic and back again, and is most likely to be undiagnosed within primary care. Such clients are considered by family members to be moody, unpredictable or petulant. Bipolar II clients have much deeper depressive episodes where they feel hopelessness, lose interest in work and life, have reduced libido, and sometimes experience suicidal ideation or attempts, although the manic phase stays moderate. However bipolar I clients have the full swing from the most deeply depressed, and very often suicidal, to the highest of mania when people rarely sleep, can become aggressive and impulsive, grandiose, delusory, drive too fast, indulge in indiscriminate sex, spend money wildly or make irrational financial or business decisions. Research has shown that episodes of bipolar swings are unpredictable, and may produce bipolar swings occurring days, weeks or months apart, with no particular sequence of episodes, although it has been noted that the average time between episodes decreases as the number of episodes increases (Post et al, 1986).
Effects of Positive Psychotherapy for People with Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2023
Heeseung Choi, Soyoun Shin, Gumhee Lee
Lastly, our study presented the characteristics of each type of intervention in positive psychotherapy. Positive psychology combined with other interventions had the largest effect on psychiatric symptoms in this study. Positive psychotherapy combined with other interventions included well-being therapy, I-CAT, and IRT programme. Well-being treatment is a positive psychological treatment developed based on the six elements of psychological well-being mentioned above (Ruini & Fava, 2015). In this study, cognitive behavioural and well-being therapy were sequentially provided to people with the cyclothymic disorder. The improvement of manic and depressive symptoms remained significant even after 2 years of follow-up. The I-CAT programme was provided in a way that combined mindfulness and positive psychotherapy. There was a significant effect on negative and disorganised symptoms of schizophrenia. The IRT programme provided as part of an integrated programme (drug education, family education, academic and employment support, etc.) for the recovery of people with first-episode psychosis strengthened their strength and resilience and positively affected psychological well-being and mental health recovery. As such, programmes combined with other interventions are limited in terms of the effect of positive psychotherapy alone. Nevertheless, as the result of this study was an effective intervention type, efforts towards positive psychotherapy combined with other interventions are continuously required.
Pharmacogenomics of drugs used to treat brain disorders
Published in Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development, 2020
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex mental illness which affects over 5 million people (>3% of the population) in the USA each year (lifetime prevalence: 1%) [23]. BD exhibits a heterogeneous geno-phenotype with pathogenic genes which are involved in both depression and/or schizophrenia [24–29]. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and meta-analysis of major depression and BP with 185,285 cases and 439,741 controls indicate that 73 loci are associated with mood disorders and that type 2 BP correlates with recurrent and single-episode major depressive disorder [24]. Common genetic variants may account for 25% of the heritability of BD [30]. The cyclothymic condition of BP requires different therapeutic strategies depending upon the depressive phase or the manic phase. This makes personalized treatment a clear necessity for efficiently reversing the bipolar phenotype [25].
Objective and biological markers in bipolar spectrum presentations
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2019
Trisha Chakrabarty, Lakshmi N. Yatham
Some potential differences in striatal and limbic volumes between BD and MDD have emerged. Meta-analyses of structural studies comparing MDD and BD found the former to have smaller hippocampi, and BD to have larger basal ganglia and thalamus volumes compared to MDD and healthy participants [54–56]. This suggests that subcortical volumes may be a potential marker distinguishing BD and MDD. However, mega-analysis of BD imaging studies found decreased, rather than increased, hippocampi, amygdala, and thalamic volumes compared to healthy participants [59]. Medication use, particularly lithium and antipsychotics, has been associated with increased total grey matter and subcortical volumes, and may account for the enlarged subcortical volumes observed in BD [59,60]. Interestingly, some studies have found that subcortical volumes may be a differentiating feature of BD subgroups. One study reported larger left putamen volumes in BDII compared to BDI [61]. Another study comparing patients with cyclothymia, BDII and BDI found that the cyclothymia group had reduced putamen and thalamic volumes compared to BDI and healthy participants. However, BDI patients in this sample were all on mood stabilizers and/or antipsychotics, both of which could potentially enlarge basal ganglia volumes [62].