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Augmenting Attention with Brain–Computer Interfaces
Published in Chang S. Nam, Anton Nijholt, Fabien Lotte, Brain–Computer Interfaces Handbook, 2018
Mehdi Ordikhani-Seyedlar, Mikhail A. Lebedev
Several types of attentional mechanisms have been defined in the literature. Overt and covert attention refer to attentional reactions performed with and without eye movements, respectively. According to Rizzolatti’s premotor theory of attention (Rizzolatti et al. 1987), spatial attention (both overt and covert) is controlled by the same brain regions that move the eyes. The premotor theory of attention explains such overlap between the oculomotor and attentional areas in the following way: to produce overt shifts of attention, eye movements are first prepared and then executed; covert shifts of attention are also prepared by the same areas but not executed. Rizzolatti’s theory gained some support from the functional magnetic resonance imaging studies that demonstrated an overlap between the cortical regions activated during both covert and overt shifts of attention (de Haan et al. 2008). Moreover, neurons in the superior colliculus, the area responsible for generation of saccades (rapid eye movement from one fixation point to another), have been shown to be involved in both overt and covert shifts of attention (Ignashchenkova et al. 2004).
Information presentation compatibility in a simple digital control panel design: eye-tracking study
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2018
The analysis of oculographic parameters for the examined effects allowed for providing a number of additional observations. The qualitative graphical analysis of the first four fixations presented in Section 3.2.1 may constitute a basis for speculating about the visual activity models of shifting overt and covert attention (see, e.g., Zelinsky et al. [40] or Findlay and Gilchrist [41]). It seems that subjects started executing tasks by focusing on clearly separated panel components. Further changes in fixation locations generally resembled the spotlight model (e.g., Posner et al. [42]), which assumes local, foveal processing first and then jumping to another salient area and repeating the local analysis. When subjects come across clock-face speedometers, however, their visual behavior pattern apparently changes. It seems in this case that attention is first directed approximately toward the center of the clock-face, which may suggest a general processing of the whole speedometer. Only then is the focus moved to specific velocity values, which are visible in the next fixation locations. Such a visual activity is, in turn, typical for the zoom lens model (e.g., Eriksen and James [43]). Thus, it appears that subjects are dynamically changing their attentional strategies depending on the information display times.